Evaluation of clustering role versus Brownian motion effect on the heat conduction in nanofluids: A novel approach

In this study, the temperature and viscosity-dependent methods were used to identify the main heat conduction mechanism in nanofluids. Three sets of experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of Brownian motion and aggregation. Image processing approach was used to identify detailed configurations of different nanofluids microstructures. The thermal conductivity of the nanofluids was measured with respect to the dynamic viscosity in the temperature range between 0 and 55 °C. The results clearly indicated that the nanoparticle Brownian motion did not play a significant role in heat conduction of nanofluids, which was also supported by the observation that a more viscous sample rendered a higher thermal conductivity. Moreover, the microscopic pictures and the differences in the viscosity between theoretical and experimental values suggested the major role of particle aggregation and clustering

A REVIEW ON FEASIBILITY OF MAGNETIC WATER TECHNOLOGY IN WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

Background and Objective: Magnetic or magnetized water technology (MWT) has been recently introduced as promising approach for water resources management in agricultural, environmental, and industrial processes. Despite controversial findings of the recent studies, MWT seems one of the future technologies for efficient water management. This study aims to review the feasibility and perspectives of MWT in water resources management. Method: The databases of Web of Sciences (1980–2016), EMBASE (1980–2016), and Google Scholar (1980–2016) were searched using the search terms of “Magnetic water” or "magnetized water" and "water resources management" and "treatment" and “agriculture” or “irrigation” or “industrial processes” to find the relevant papers. After reviewing the title and abstract, the papers were selected for selected for further review. The main focus of this review was the efficacy and feasibility of magnetized water technology in efficient management of water resources. Results: Scale prevention or elimination, plant growth and crop yield enhancement, soil enhancement, desalination, antibacterial feature and wastewater treatment are the main features of MWT approach. Using appropriate set up of MWT in agricultural and environmental applications can result in water consumption saving. Magnetized water possesses strong antitoxic features and cannot enter the MW structure. Conclusion: Although the modern MWT is in its early stage, the general consensus highlights its beneficial effects in agriculture, industrial applications and even for drinking water. Keywords: Magnetic water treatment, Water resources management

EFFECTS OF MAGNETIC TREATMENT OF IRRIGATION WATER ON THE QUALITY OF SOIL: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW

Background and Objective: In recent years, positive effects of magnetized water treatment have been shown on growth processes and the development of plant tissues through a change in the soil content. The objective of the current study is to review the effects of magnetized water on the quality of soil. Method: The databases of Scopus (1980-2016), EMBASE (1980-2016), Web of Sciences (1980-2016), and Google Scholar (1980-2016) were searched to find the published studies with the keywords of "magnetic treatment" OR "magnetized water", AND "irrigation water" AND "soil" AND "effect". The obtained titles were reviewed and the relevant studies were selected for comprehensive review of the current literature. Results: Magnetic water technologies used in agriculture can improve the quality and quantity of products. The current evidence shows that magnetic treated irrigation water changes soil and harvest content through increasing the level of specific minerals including N, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Na, and Zn and reducing S content. Conclusion: Although using magnetic water is agriculture is in early stage, studies have shown relatively promising outcomes and to reach established technology further controlled studies are needed. Studies to shed more light on the mechanisms of action of the observed effects are important in this regard. Keywords: Magnetized Water, Soil, Irrigation Water, Effec

NON-MEDICATION TECHNIQUES FOR WOUND HEALING: CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS

Objective: Several non-medication techniques have been proposed for the treatment of chronic wounds. Electric and magnetic fields, electromagnetic fields [EMFs], ultrasound [US], and photostimulation are some of these techniques with promising potentials. However, the clinical efficacy of these techniques for different chronic wounds is still not fully understood and standard guidelines on the allowed doses and possible side-effects should be determined. This paper aims to comprehensively review the therapeutic efficacies and clinical considerations of the main non-drug techniques for chronic wounds. Methods: The databases of PubMed [1985-2016], EMBASE [1985-2016], Web of Sciences [1985-2016], and Google Scholar [1980-2016] were searched using the set terms of "non-medication" OR "non-drug treatment" AND "wound treatment". The obtained results were screened for the title and abstract by two authors and the relevant papers were reviewed for further details. Results: Pulsed EMFs [PEMFs], non-contact low frequency US or MIST therapy, and Low Level Laser Therapy [LLLT] are the main non-drug techniques with promising effective outcomes for different wounds. PEMFs and MIST therapy have been used in some clinical studies with promising outcomes. In addition different lasers particularly HeNe lasers have shown therapeutic effect of superficial wounds. Despite of rigorous evidence on the therapeutic efficiency of these techniques, the main limit on developing approved clinical protocols of these techniques for wound treatment is the lack of definite dose-response on the clinical trials of these techniques. Conclusion: The available data showed the therapeutic efficacy of PEMFs, MIST, and LLLT techniques for chronic wounds. Further in vitro and in vivo preclinical and clinical trials are needed to understand the mechanism of actions of these techniques for developing clinical protocols and guidelines of these techniques for treatment of different wounds. Key words: Non-medication, Wound, Clinical Considerations, Treatmen

The Enhancement of Network Lifetime by Mobile Node in OPP Routing of Wireless Sensor Network

One of important challenge issue in the wireless sensor networks is limitation energy in battery of intermediate nodes, so using a suitable routing algorithm can improve this problem. In the wireless sensor network, sink node uses neighbour in order to sending interest message into network. The neighbour nodes around of the sink have important duties. The neighbours of sink all times are using by sink node in order to receiving data, so it will consume more energy from sink node. Moreover, when neighbour nodes of sink go to dead mode, sink node could not propagate its packet. In this paper we have proposed a new algorithm by using mobile sink nodes to prevent energy wasting and also increase network lifetime. The result of simulation showed that life time has increase in an efficient way and has increase about two times in the compare of OPP algorithm

Dataset of acute repeated sessions of bifrontal transcranial direct current stimulation for treatment of intractable tinnitus: A randomized controlled trial

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has reportedly shown promising therapeutic effects for tinnitus (Forogh et al., 2016; Joos et al., 2014) [1,2]. Studies are ongoing to determine optimum treatment protocol and the site of stimulation. Findings of the early studies are heterogeneous and most studies have focused on single session tDCS and short follow-up periods. There is no study on repeated sessions of tDCS with long term follow-up. This study presents the results of a randomized clinical trial investigating the therapeutic effects of acute multi-session tDCS over dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) on tinnitus symptoms and comorbid depression and anxiety in patients with chronic intractable tinnitus. The dataset includes the demographic information, audiometric assessments, tinnitus specific characteristics, and the response variables of the study. The response variables included the scores of tinnitus handicap inventory (THI), tinnitus loudness and tinnitus related distress based on 0â10 numerical visual analogue scale (VAS) scores, beck depression inventory (BDI-II) and beck anxiety inventory (BAI) scores. The dataset included the scores of THI pre and immediately post intervention, and at one month follow-up; the tinnitus loudness and distress scores prior to intervention, and immediately, one hour, one week, and at one month after the last stimulation session. In addition, the BDI-II, and BAI scores pre and post intervention are included. The data of the real (n=25) and sham tDCS (n=17) groups are reported. The main manuscript of this dataset is 'Acute repeated sessions of bifrontal transcranial direct current stimulation for treatment of intractable tinnitus: a randomized controlled trial' (Bayat et al., submitted for publication) [3]. Keywords: Transcranial direct current stimulation, Acute stimulations, Tinnitus, Depression, Anxiety, DLPF

Repeated sessions of bilateral transcranial direct current stimulation on intractable tinnitus: a study protocol for a double-blind randomized controlled trial [version 1; referees: 2 approved]

Background: Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) is reportedly a potential treatment option for chronic tinnitus. The main drawbacks of previous studies are short term follow up and focusing on the efficacy of single session tDCS. This study aims to investigate the therapeutic efficacy, adverse effects (AEs) and tolerability of repeated sessions of bilateral tDCS over auditory cortex (AC) on tinnitus symptoms Methods: This will be a double-blinded randomized placebo controlled parallel trial on patients (n=90) with intractable chronic tinnitus (> 2 years) randomly divided into three groups of anodal, cathodal, and sham tDCS. In the sham treatment, after 30 sec the device will be turned OFF without informing the patients. The tDCS protocol consists of 10 sessions (daily  20 min session; 2 mA current for 5 consecutive days per week and 2 consecutive weeks) applied through 35 cm2 electrodes. The primary outcome is tinnitus handicap inventory (THI) which will be assessed pre- and post-intervention and at one month follow-up. The secondary outcomes are tinnitus loudness and distress to be assessed using a visual analogue scale (VAS) pre-intervention, and immediately, one hour, one week, and one month after last stimulation. The AEs and tolerability of patients will be evaluated after each session using a customized questionnaire. Possible interactions between the disease features and treatment response will be evaluated.   Discussion: To our knowledge this is the first study to investigate the effects of repeated sessions of tDCS on chronic tinnitus symptoms with one month follow-up. In addition, the AEs, and tolerability of patients will be studied. In addition, the possible interactions between the disease specific features including the hearing loss, laterality, type of tinnitus, and treatment response will be evaluated.   Trial registration: The study has been registered as a clinical trial in Iranian Registry of Clinical Trial (IRCT2016110124635N6) on the 01/06/2017