Cinética de imbibición e isotermas de adsorción de humedad de la semilla de jamaica (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.)

La jamaica es un arbusto que se cultiva para comercializar el cáliz de sus flores, pero como subproducto se obtienen las semillas, que por su valor nutritivo y alto rendimiento representan un potencial económico considerable. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir la cinética de imbibición y las isotermas de adsorción de humedad a 25, 35 y 45ºC en tres variedades cultivadas en México ("Criolla", "China" y "Sudán"). Los resultados mostraron que el proceso de imbibición describe una curva que se ajusta al modelo de Weibull, con coeficientes α de 12.99, 8.81 y 2.21 horas y β de 0.83, 1.70 y 0.72 para las variedades Criolla, China y Sudán, respectivamente. Los modelos de GAB, y de Chung-Pfost describieron adecuadamente las isotermas de adsorción. La humedad de la capa monomolecular (coeficiente a del modelo de GAB) resultó entre 3.97 y 5.71% b.s., lo cual representa una actividad de agua entre 0.1 y 0.30. Los calores isostéricos totales de adsorción obtenidos en el intervalo de humedades de equilibrio de 6 a 22% b.s., oscilaron entre 52.85 y 42.90 .90 kJmּol-1, 60.99 y 43.41 kJmּol-1 y 51.23 y 43.20 kJmּol-1para las variedades Criolla, China y Sudán, respectivamente. A humedades de equilibrio iguales o superiores a 12 % b.s., el calor isostérico fue similar a la entalpía de vaporización del agua, pero a humedades inferiores a 6% b.s., éste alcanzó los valores más elevados

An Observer-based Longitudinal Control of Car-like Vehicles Platoon Navigating in an Urban Environment

International audienceIn this paper, we study longitudinal motion controlof car-like vehicles platoon navigating in an urban environmentwith minimum communication links. To achieve a higher trafficflow, a constant-spacing policy between successive vehicles iscommonly used but this is at a cost of an increased number ofcommunication links as any vehicle information must broadcastto all its followers. Therefore, we propose a distributed observer-based control law that depends both on communicated andmeasured information. Our formulation allows designing thecontrol law directly in the curvilinear coordinates. Internal andstring stability analysis are conducted. We provide simulationresults, through dynamic vehicular mobility simulator, to illus-trate the feasibility of the proposed approach and corroborate our theoretical findings

Comparison of lateral controllers for autonomous vehicle : experimental results

International audienceA good path tracker is one of the keys for the successful development of a self-driving car. In the literature, there exists a wide variety of techniques, some complex and some simple and yet effective in particular scenarios. The choice of the path tracker influences the performance in terms of precision, stability and passenger comfort. This paper addresses the lateral control of a self-driving car in an urban environment, where speed is not high but variations in velocity and curvature are frequent. In choosing a lateral controller, simplicity, efficiency and robustness are considered as the main criteria. In this paper, three classical techniques used for controlling the lateral error are analyzed: pure pursuit, Stanley and a simplified kinematic steering control. Additionally , a novel kinematic controller based on the lateral speed is proposed. A home-made realistic simulation environment has been developed to allow rapid testing of the control laws. The relevance of this work has been demonstrated for all controllers through realistic simulations and experiments. The experimental site is the campus of Ecole Centrale de Nantes, where all control laws have been compared along the same path. A longer path, involving a portion of the ring road of Nantes (France) has been simulated. It involves speeds up to 90 km/h, allowing to extrapolate the comparison results to higher velocities

Developmental Plasticity in Response to Embryo Cryopreservation: The Importance of the Vitrification Device in Rabbits

[EN] This study was conducted to demonstrate how embryo manipulation techniques incur phenotypic changes throughout life. This study reports the first evidence demonstrating that the vitrification device used is not a trivial decision, providing valuable information about how the cooling-warming rates during vitrification can be partly responsible of the postnatal phenotypic variations. In this study, we evaluated the effect of embryo vitrification using two different devices on adulthood phenotype in rabbits. In vitro development, prenatal embryo survival, body weight, growth performance, haematological and biochemical peripheral blood analysis, reproductive performance, and lactation performance traits were compared between the experimental groups. They derived from naturally-conceived embryos (NC), fresh-transferred embryos (FT), vitrified-transferred embryos using mini-straw (VTs), or vitrified-transferred embryos using Cryotop (VTc). Straw-vitrified embryos exhibited lower in vitro developmental rates and in vivo survival rates following embryo transfer compared to its Cryotop-vitrified counterparts. Moreover, the VTs group exhibited higher foetal losses than VTc, FT, and NC groups. Independently of the vitrification device, vitrified-transferred (VT) offspring showed a skewed sex ratio in favour of males, and an increased birth bodyweight. In contrast, postnatal daily growth was diminished in all ART (i.e., FT and VT) animals. In adulthood, significant differences in body weight between all groups was founded-all ART progenies weighed less than NC animals and, within ART, VT animals weighed less than FT. For VT groups, weight at adulthood was higher for the VTs group compared with the VTc group. Peripheral blood parameters ranged between common values. Moreover, no differences were found in the fertility rates between experimental groups. Furthermore, similar pregnancy rates, litter sizes, and the number of liveborns were observed, regardless of the experimental group. However, decreased milk yield occurred for VTc and FT animals compared to VTs and NC animals. A similar trend was observed for the milk composition of dry matter and fat. Concordantly, reduced body weight was found for suckling kits in the VTc and FT groups compared to VTs and NC animals. Our findings reveal that developmental changes after the embryo vitrification procedure could be associated with an exhibition of the embryonic developmental plasticity. Moreover, to our best knowledge, this study reports the first evidence demonstrating that the vitrification device used is not a trivial decision, providing valuable information about how the cooling-warming rates during vitrification can be partly responsible of the postnatal phenotypic variations.Funding from the Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (research project: AGL2014-53405-C2-1-P and AGL2017-85162-C2-1-R) is acknowledged. X.G.-D. was supported by a research grant from the Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (BES-2015-072429). English text version was revised by N. Macowan English Language Service.Garcia-Dominguez, X.; Vicente Antón, JS.; Marco-Jiménez, F. (2020). Developmental Plasticity in Response to Embryo Cryopreservation: The Importance of the Vitrification Device in Rabbits. Animals. 10(5):1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10050804S117105Ng, K. Y. B., Mingels, R., Morgan, H., Macklon, N., & Cheong, Y. (2017). In vivo oxygen, temperature and pH dynamics in the female reproductive tract and their importance in human conception: a systematic review. Human Reproduction Update, 24(1), 15-34. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmx028García-Martínez, S., Sánchez Hurtado, M. A., Gutiérrez, H., Sánchez Margallo, F. M., Romar, R., Latorre, R., … López Albors, O. (2018). Mimicking physiological O2 tension in the female reproductive tract improves assisted reproduction outcomes in pig. MHR: Basic science of reproductive medicine, 24(5), 260-270. doi:10.1093/molehr/gay008Roseboom, T. J. (2018). Developmental plasticity and its relevance to assisted human reproduction. Human Reproduction, 33(4), 546-552. doi:10.1093/humrep/dey034Vrooman, L. A., & Bartolomei, M. S. (2017). Can assisted reproductive technologies cause adult-onset disease? Evidence from human and mouse. Reproductive Toxicology, 68, 72-84. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.07.015Servick, K. (2014). Unsettled questions trail IVF’s success. Science, 345(6198), 744-746. doi:10.1126/science.345.6198.744Skelly, A., Dettori, J., & Brodt, E. (2012). Assessing bias: the importance of considering confounding. Evidence-Based Spine-Care Journal, 3(01), 9-12. doi:10.1055/s-0031-1298595Chen, M., & Heilbronn, L. K. (2017). The health outcomes of human offspring conceived by assisted reproductive technologies (ART). Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease, 8(4), 388-402. doi:10.1017/s2040174417000228Halliday, J., Lewis, S., Kennedy, J., Burgner, D. P., Juonala, M., Hammarberg, K., … McLachlan, R. (2019). Health of adults aged 22 to 35 years conceived by assisted reproductive technology. Fertility and Sterility, 112(1), 130-139. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2019.03.001Juonala, M., Lewis, S., McLachlan, R., Hammarberg, K., Kennedy, J., Saffery, R., … Halliday, J. (2019). American Heart Association ideal cardiovascular health score and subclinical atherosclerosis in 22–35-year-old adults conceived with and without assisted reproductive technologies. Human Reproduction, 35(1), 232-239. doi:10.1093/humrep/dez240Duranthon, V., & Chavatte-Palmer, P. (2018). Long term effects of ART: What do animals tell us? Molecular Reproduction and Development, 85(4), 348-368. doi:10.1002/mrd.22970Ramos‐Ibeas, P., Heras, S., Gómez‐Redondo, I., Planells, B., Fernández‐González, R., Pericuesta, E., … Gutiérrez‐Adán, A. (2019). Embryo responses to stress induced by assisted reproductive technologies. Molecular Reproduction and Development, 86(10), 1292-1306. doi:10.1002/mrd.23119Feuer, S. K., & Rinaudo, P. F. (2017). Physiological, metabolic and transcriptional postnatal phenotypes ofin vitrofertilization (IVF) in the mouse. Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease, 8(4), 403-410. doi:10.1017/s204017441700023xDe Geyter, C., Calhaz-Jorge, C., Kupka, M. S., Wyns, C., Mocanu, E., Motrenko, T., … Goossens, V. (2020). ART in Europe, 2015: results generated from European registries by ESHRE†. Human Reproduction Open, 2020(1). doi:10.1093/hropen/hoz038Sparks, A. (2015). Human Embryo Cryopreservation—Methods, Timing, and other Considerations for Optimizing an Embryo Cryopreservation Program. Seminars in Reproductive Medicine, 33(02), 128-144. doi:10.1055/s-0035-1546826Hargreave, M., Jensen, A., Hansen, M. K., Dehlendorff, C., Winther, J. F., Schmiegelow, K., & Kjær, S. K. (2019). Association Between Fertility Treatment and Cancer Risk in Children. JAMA, 322(22), 2203. doi:10.1001/jama.2019.18037Norrman, E., Petzold, M., Clausen, T. D., Henningsen, A.-K., Opdahl, S., Pinborg, A., … Wennerholm, U.-B. (2020). Type 1 diabetes in children born after assisted reproductive technology: a register-based national cohort study. Human Reproduction, 35(1), 221-231. doi:10.1093/humrep/dez227Rienzi, L., Gracia, C., Maggiulli, R., LaBarbera, A. R., Kaser, D. J., Ubaldi, F. M., … Racowsky, C. (2016). Oocyte, embryo and blastocyst cryopreservation in ART: systematic review and meta-analysis comparing slow-freezing versus vitrification to produce evidence for the development of global guidance. Human Reproduction Update. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmw038Arav, A. (2014). Cryopreservation of oocytes and embryos. Theriogenology, 81(1), 96-102. doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.09.011Saragusty, J., & Arav, A. (2011). Current progress in oocyte and embryo cryopreservation by slow freezing and vitrification. REPRODUCTION, 141(1), 1-19. doi:10.1530/rep-10-0236Vicente, J. S., & García-Ximénez, F. (1994). Osmotic and cryoprotective effects of a mixture of DMSO and ethylene glycol on rabbit morulae. Theriogenology, 42(7), 1205-1215. doi:10.1016/0093-691x(94)90869-9Vicente, J.-S., Viudes-de-Castro, M.-P., & García, M.-L. (1999). In vivo survival rate of rabbit morulae after vitrification in a medium without serum protein. Reproduction Nutrition Development, 39(5-6), 657-662. doi:10.1051/rnd:19990511Garcia-Dominguez, X., Marco-Jimenez, F., Viudes-de-Castro, M. P., & Vicente, J. S. (2019). Minimally Invasive Embryo Transfer and Embryo Vitrification at the Optimal Embryo Stage in Rabbit Model. Journal of Visualized Experiments, (147). doi:10.3791/58055Besenfelder, U., Strouhal, C., & Brem, G. (1998). A Method for Endoscopic Embryo Collection and Transfer in the Rabbit. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A, 45(1-10), 577-579. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0442.1998.tb00861.xBlasco, A., & Gómez, E. (1993). A note on growth curves of rabbit lines selected on growth rate or litter size. Animal Science, 57(2), 332-334. doi:10.1017/s000335610000698xMaertens L., Lebas F., & Szendro ZS. (2010). Rabbit milk: A review of quantity, quality and non-dietary affecting factors. World Rabbit Science, 14(4). doi:10.4995/wrs.2006.565Novakovic, B., Lewis, S., Halliday, J., Kennedy, J., Burgner, D. P., Czajko, A., … Saffery, R. (2019). Assisted reproductive technologies are associated with limited epigenetic variation at birth that largely resolves by adulthood. Nature Communications, 10(1). doi:10.1038/s41467-019-11929-9Seki, S., & Mazur, P. (2009). The dominance of warming rate over cooling rate in the survival of mouse oocytes subjected to a vitrification procedure. Cryobiology, 59(1), 75-82. doi:10.1016/j.cryobiol.2009.04.012Mazur, P., & Seki, S. (2011). Survival of mouse oocytes after being cooled in a vitrification solution to −196°C at 95° to 70,000°C/min and warmed at 610° to 118,000°C/min: A new paradigm for cryopreservation by vitrification. Cryobiology, 62(1), 1-7. doi:10.1016/j.cryobiol.2010.10.159Zhang, X., Catalano, P. N., Gurkan, U. A., Khimji, I., & Demirci, U. (2011). Emerging technologies in medical applications of minimum volume vitrification. Nanomedicine, 6(6), 1115-1129. doi:10.2217/nnm.11.71Marco-Jiménez, F., Lavara, R., Jiménez-Trigos, E., & Vicente, J. S. (2013). In vivo development of vitrified rabbit embryos: Effects of vitrification device, recipient genotype, and asynchrony. Theriogenology, 79(7), 1124-1129. doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.02.008Saenz-de-Juano, M. D., Marco-Jimenez, F., Schmaltz-Panneau, B., Jimenez-Trigos, E., Viudes-de-Castro, M. P., Peñaranda, D. S., … Vicente, J. S. (2014). Vitrification alters rabbit foetal placenta at transcriptomic and proteomic level. REPRODUCTION, 147(6), 789-801. doi:10.1530/rep-14-0019Riesche, L., & Bartolomei, M. (2018). Assisted Reproductive Technologies and the Placenta: Clinical, Morphological, and Molecular Outcomes. Seminars in Reproductive Medicine, 36(03/04), 240-248. doi:10.1055/s-0038-1676640Tan, K., Wang, Z., Zhang, Z., An, L., & Tian, J. (2016). IVF affects embryonic development in a sex-biased manner in mice. REPRODUCTION, 151(4), 443-453. doi:10.1530/rep-15-0588Tan, K., An, L., Miao, K., Ren, L., Hou, Z., Tao, L., … Tian, J. (2016). Impaired imprinted X chromosome inactivation is responsible for the skewed sex ratio following in vitro fertilization. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(12), 3197-3202. doi:10.1073/pnas.1523538113Maalouf, W. E., Mincheva, M. N., Campbell, B. K., & Hardy, I. C. W. (2014). Effects of assisted reproductive technologies on human sex ratio at birth. Fertility and Sterility, 101(5), 1321-1325. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.01.041Supramaniam, P. R., Mittal, M., Ohuma, E. O., Lim, L. N., McVeigh, E., Granne, I., & Becker, C. M. (2019). Secondary sex ratio in assisted reproduction: an analysis of 1 376 454 treatment cycles performed in the UK. Human Reproduction Open, 2019(4). doi:10.1093/hropen/hoz020Lin, P.-Y., Huang, F.-J., Kung, F.-T., Wang, L.-J., Chang, S. Y., & Lan, K.-C. (2009). Comparison of the offspring sex ratio between fresh and vitrification-thawed blastocyst transfer. Fertility and Sterility, 92(5), 1764-1766. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.05.011Chen, M., Du, J., Zhao, J., Lv, H., Wang, Y., Chen, X., … Ling, X. (2017). The sex ratio of singleton and twin delivery offspring in assisted reproductive technology in China. Scientific Reports, 7(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-017-06152-9Leme, L. O., Carvalho, J. O., Franco, M. M., & Dode, M. A. N. (2020). Effect of sex on cryotolerance of bovine embryos produced in vitro. Theriogenology, 141, 219-227. doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.05.002Spijkers, S., Lens, J. W., Schats, R., & Lambalk, C. B. (2017). Fresh and Frozen-Thawed Embryo Transfer Compared to Natural Conception: Differences in Perinatal Outcome. Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation, 82(6), 538-546. doi:10.1159/000468935Chen, L., Ni, X., Xu, Z., Fang, J., Zhang, N., & Li, D. (2020). Effect of frozen and fresh embryo transfers on the birthweight of live-born twins. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 246, 50-54. doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.01.008Uk, A., Collardeau-Frachon, S., Scanvion, Q., Michon, L., & Amar, E. (2018). Assisted Reproductive Technologies and imprinting disorders: Results of a study from a French congenital malformations registry. European Journal of Medical Genetics, 61(9), 518-523. doi:10.1016/j.ejmg.2018.05.017Li, Y., Donnelly, C. G., & Rivera, R. M. (2019). Overgrowth Syndrome. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 35(2), 265-276. doi:10.1016/j.cvfa.2019.02.007Chen, Z., Hagen, D. E., Elsik, C. G., Ji, T., Morris, C. J., Moon, L. E., & Rivera, R. M. (2015). Characterization of global loss of imprinting in fetal overgrowth syndrome induced by assisted reproduction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(15), 4618-4623. doi:10.1073/pnas.1422088112Mussa, A., Molinatto, C., Cerrato, F., Palumbo, O., Carella, M., Baldassarre, G., … Ferrero, G. B. (2017). Assisted Reproductive Techniques and Risk of Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome. Pediatrics, 140(1), e20164311. doi:10.1542/peds.2016-4311Van Heertum, K., & Weinerman, R. (2018). Neonatal outcomes following fresh as compared to frozen/thawed embryo transfer in in vitro fertilization. Birth Defects Research, 110(8), 625-629. doi:10.1002/bdr2.1216Feuer, S. K., Liu, X., Donjacour, A., Lin, W., Simbulan, R. K., Giritharan, G., … Rinaudo, P. F. (2014). Use of a Mouse In Vitro Fertilization Model to Understand the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease Hypothesis. Endocrinology, 155(5), 1956-1969. doi:10.1210/en.2013-2081Marshall, K. L., & Rivera, R. M. (2018). The effects of superovulation and reproductive aging on the epigenome of the oocyte and embryo. Molecular Reproduction and Development, 85(2), 90-105. doi:10.1002/mrd.22951Gordon Baker, H. W. (1998). REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS OF NONTESTICULAR ILLNESS. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America, 27(4), 831-850. doi:10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70043-8Calle, A., Miranda, A., Fernandez-Gonzalez, R., Pericuesta, E., Laguna, R., & Gutierrez-Adan, A. (2012). Male Mice Produced by In Vitro Culture Have Reduced Fertility and Transmit Organomegaly and Glucose Intolerance to Their Male Offspring1. Biology of Reproduction, 87(2). doi:10.1095/biolreprod.112.100743Belva, F., Bonduelle, M., Roelants, M., Michielsen, D., Van Steirteghem, A., Verheyen, G., & Tournaye, H. (2016). Semen quality of young adult ICSI offspring: the first results. Human Reproduction, 31(12), 2811-2820. doi:10.1093/humrep/dew245Vidal, M., Vellvé, K., González-Comadran, M., Robles, A., Prat, M., Torné, M., … Checa, M. A. (2017). Perinatal outcomes in children born after fresh or frozen embryo transfer: a Catalan cohort study based on 14,262 newborns. Fertility and Sterility, 107(4), 940-947. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2017.01.021Sallem, A., Santulli, P., Barraud-Lange, V., Le Foll, N., Ferreux, L., Maignien, C., … Pocate-Cheriet, K. (2017). Extended culture of poor-quality supernumerary embryos improves ART outcomes. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 35(2), 311-319. doi:10.1007/s10815-017-1063-7Marsico, T. V., Camargo, J. de, Valente, R. S., & Sudano, M. J. (2019). Embryo competence and cryosurvival: Molecular and cellular features. Animal Reproduction, 16(3), 423-439. doi:10.21451/1984-3143-ar2019-0072Mehdid, A., Martí-De Olives, A., Fernández, N., Rodríguez, M., & Peris, C. (2019). Effect of stress on somatic cell count and milk yield and composition in goats. Research in Veterinary Science, 125, 61-70. doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.05.015Sinclair, K. D., Rutherford, K. M. D., Wallace, J. M., Brameld, J. M., Stöger, R., Alberio, R., … Dwyer, C. M. (2016). Epigenetics and developmental programming of welfare and production traits in farm animals. Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 28(10), 1443. doi:10.1071/rd16102Siqueira, L. G. B., Dikmen, S., Ortega, M. S., & Hansen, P. J. (2017). Postnatal phenotype of dairy cows is altered by in vitro embryo production using reverse X-sorted semen. Journal of Dairy Science, 100(7), 5899-5908. doi:10.3168/jds.2016-12539Mahsoudi, B., Li, A., & O’Neill, C. (2007). Assessment of the Long-Term and Transgenerational Consequences of Perturbing Preimplantation Embryo Development in Mice1. Biology of Reproduction, 77(5), 889-896. doi:10.1095/biolreprod.106.057885Del Ciampo, L., & Del Ciampo, I. (2018). Breastfeeding and the Benefits of Lactation for Women’s Health. Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia / RBGO Gynecology and Obstetrics, 40(06), 354-359. doi:10.1055/s-0038-1657766Calle, A., Fernandez-Gonzalez, R., Ramos-Ibeas, P., Laguna-Barraza, R., Perez-Cerezales, S., Bermejo-Alvarez, P., … Gutierrez-Adan, A. (2012). Long-term and transgenerational effects of in vitro culture on mouse embryos. Theriogenology, 77(4), 785-793. doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.07.016Auroux, M. (2000). Long-term effects in progeny of paternal environment and of gamete/embryo cryopreservation. Human Reproduction Update, 6(6), 550-563. doi:10.1093/humupd/6.6.55

Long-Term Phenotypic and Proteomic Changes Following Vitrified Embryo Transfer in the Rabbit Model

[EN] This study was conducted to demonstrate how a vitrified embryo transfer procedure incurs phenotypic and molecular changes throughout life. This study reports the first evidence describing that embryonic manipulation during a vitrified embryo transfer cycle induced molecular modifications, concerning oxidative phosphorylation and dysregulations in zinc and lipid metabolism in liver tissue, which has been reported as responsible for postnatal variations of the phenotype. Nowadays, assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) are considered valuable contributors to our past, but a future without their use is inconceivable. However, in recent years, several studies have evidenced a potential impact of ART on long-term development in mammal species. To date, the long-term follow-up data are still limited. So far, studies have mainly focused on in vitro fertilization or in vitro culture, with information from gametes/embryos cryopreservation field being practically missing. Herein, we report an approach to determine whether a vitrified embryo transfer procedure would have long-term consequences on the offspring. Using the rabbit as a model, we compared animals derived from vitrified-transferred embryos versus those naturally conceived, studying the growth performance, plus the weight throughout life, and the internal organs/tissues phenotype. The healthy status was assessed over the hematological and biochemical parameters in peripheral blood. Additionally, a comparative proteomic analysis was conducted in the liver tissue to investigate molecular cues related to vitrified embryo transfer in an adult tissue. After vitrified embryo transfer, birth weight was increased, and the growth performance was diminished in a sex-specific manner. In addition, vitrified-transferred animals showed significantly lower body, liver and heart weights in adulthood. Molecular analyses revealed that vitrified embryo transfer triggers reprogramming of the liver proteome. Functional analysis of the differentially expressed proteins showed changes in relation to oxidative phosphorylation and dysregulations in the zinc and lipid metabolism, which has been reported as possible causes of a disturbed growth pattern. Therefore, we conclude that vitrified embryo transfer is not a neutral procedure, and it incurs long-term effects in the offspring both at phenotypic and molecular levels. These results described a striking example of the developmental plasticity exhibited by the mammalian embryo.Funding from the Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (Research project: AGL2017-85162-C2-1-R and AGL2014-53405-C2-1-P) is acknowledged. X.G.D. was supported by a research grant from the Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (BES-2015-072429).Garcia-Dominguez, X.; Marco-Jiménez, F.; Peñaranda, D.; Vicente Antón, JS. (2020). Long-Term Phenotypic and Proteomic Changes Following Vitrified Embryo Transfer in the Rabbit Model. 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Origins of lifetime health around the time of conception: causes and consequences. The Lancet, 391(10132), 1842-1852. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)30312-xFeuer, S., & Rinaudo, P. (2016). From Embryos to Adults: A DOHaD Perspective on In Vitro Fertilization and Other Assisted Reproductive Technologies. Healthcare, 4(3), 51. doi:10.3390/healthcare4030051Feuer, S. K., & Rinaudo, P. F. (2017). Physiological, metabolic and transcriptional postnatal phenotypes ofin vitrofertilization (IVF) in the mouse. Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease, 8(4), 403-410. doi:10.1017/s204017441700023xDuranthon, V., & Chavatte-Palmer, P. (2018). Long term effects of ART: What do animals tell us? Molecular Reproduction and Development, 85(4), 348-368. doi:10.1002/mrd.22970Ramos‐Ibeas, P., Heras, S., Gómez‐Redondo, I., Planells, B., Fernández‐González, R., Pericuesta, E., … Gutiérrez‐Adán, A. (2019). Embryo responses to stress induced by assisted reproductive technologies. 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Impact of embryo technologies on secondary sex ratio in rabbit

[EN] Increasing evidence indicates that assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) disturb skewed sex-ratio and induce sex-dimorphic postnatal effects. Undoubtedly, the combination of multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET) together with the use of vitrification technique (MOVET) is currently being used in breeding programs. However, since the first case of sex skewing reported in 1991, the accumulative and long-term transmission of skewed sex-ratio to future generations has not been thoroughly evaluated. Here we test as MOVET program induce a skewed sex ratio, and we consider skewed sex ratio transmission to future generations. To this end, we first evaluated the F1 generation, demonstrating that a MOVET program causes a severe imbalance skewed secondary sex ratio (SSR) towards male by 12%. This imbalanced persist after a second MOVET program (F2 generation), with an accumulative skewed SSR towards male by 25%. Finally, using a crossbred generation derived from crossing F1 males derived from a MOVET program with naturally-conceived (NC) females, we show that the imbalance skewed SRR persist. Bodyweight comparison between MOVET animals and NC counterparts revealed significant changes at birth, weaning and adulthood. However, there was a significant interaction between F2 MOVET animals and sex, demonstrating an apparent accumulative sex-dimorphic effect. At adulthood, MOVET derived males presented a lower body weight. In conclusion, we show that the MOVET program causes a direct, accumulative and long-term transmission of skewed SSR.This work was supported by the Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (Research project: AGL2017-85162-C2-1-R) is acknowledged. X. Garcia-Dominguez was supported by a research grant from the Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (BES-2015-072429). English text version was revised by N. 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Assessing the epigenetic risks of assisted reproductive technologies: a way forward. The International Journal of Developmental Biology, 63(3-4-5), 217-222. doi:10.1387/ijdb.180402g

Metabolomic Analysis Reveals Changes in Preimplantation Embryos Following Fresh or Vitrified Transfer

[EN] Although assisted reproduction technologies (ARTs) are recognised as safe, and most of the offspring seem apparently healthy, there is clear evidence that ARTs are associated with changes in the embryo's developmental trajectory, which incur physiological consequences during the prenatal and postnatal stages of life. The present study aimed to address the influence of early (day-3 embryos) embryo transfer and cryopreservation on embryo survival, size, and metabolome at the preimplantation stage (day-6 embryos). To this end, fresh-transferred (FT) and vitrified-transferred (VT) embryos were compared using naturally-conceived (NC) embryos as a control reference. The results show that as in vitro manipulation was increased (NC < FT < VT), both embryo survival rate (0.91 +/- 0.02, 0.78 +/- 0.05 and 0.63 +/- 0.05, for NC, FT, and VT groups, respectively) and embryo size (3.21 +/- 0.49 mm, 2.15 +/- 0.51 mm, 1.76 +/- 0.46 mm of diameter for NC, FT, and VT groups, respectively) were significantly decreased. Moreover, an unbiased metabolomics analysis showed overall down-accumulation in 40 metabolites among the three experimental groups, with embryo transfer and embryo cryopreservation procedures both exerting a cumulative effect. In this regard, targeted metabolomics findings revealed a significant reduction in some metabolites involved in metabolic pathways, such as the Krebs cycle, amino acids, unsaturated fatty acids, and arachidonic acid metabolisms. Altogether, these findings highlight a synergistic effect between the embryo transfer and vitrification procedures in preimplantation embryos. However, the ex vivo manipulation during embryo transfer seemed to be the major trigger of the embryonic changes, as the deviations added by the vitrification process were relatively smaller.This research was funded by Conselleria d'Educacio, Investigacio, Cultura i Esport, Spain, grant number AICO/2019/272. Ximo Garcia-Dominguez was supported by a research grant from the Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness of Spain (BES-2015-072429).Garcia-Dominguez, X.; Diretto, G.; Frusciante, S.; Vicente Antón, JS.; Marco-Jiménez, F. (2020). Metabolomic Analysis Reveals Changes in Preimplantation Embryos Following Fresh or Vitrified Transfer. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 21(19):1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21197116S1142119Rizos, D., Maillo, V., Sánchez-Calabuig, M.-J., & Lonergan, P. (2017). The Consequences of Maternal-Embryonic Cross Talk During the Periconception Period on Subsequent Embryonic Development. 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