Active caseinate/guar gum films incorporated with gallic acid: physicochemical properties and release kinetics

Composite active films based on sodium caseinate/guar gum were prepared by the incorporation of gallic acid at different concentrations to investigate its effect on the structure, physicochemical properties, and the release kinetics from the film. The incorporation of gallic acid imparted changes in the FT-IR spectra. Water vapor permeability (WVP) of films decreased up to 21% after the incorporation of gallic acid in the film. The gallic acid released from the films GAI*60 μg.ml−1, GAII*250 μg.ml−1 and GAIII*650 μg.ml−1 was 67%, 32% and 30% respectively. Similarly, the diffusion coefficient was also affected by an increase in the concentration and was: 8.10 × 10−12 m2s−1, 6.23 × 10−12 m2s−1, and 4.5 × 10−12 m2s−1 for GAI, GAII and GAIII films respectively. Molecular docking suggested the potential inactivation of oxidative enzymes due to binding of gallic acid near their active sites. Therefore, gallic acid releasing films maybe considered as an active food packaging for fruits and vegetables (F&V)

Outbreak of unusualSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium monophasic variant 1,4 [5],12:i:-, Italy, June 2013 to September 2014

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Detection of Listeria monocytogenes in food samples in Avezzano, Sulmona and Castel di Sangro (province of L'Aquila, Abruzzo, Italy) between 2000-2009

The retrospective study of the results of the analysed samples is a fundamental tool for the identification of major risk related to food and for planning future monitoring activities. The evaluation of the quality of data collected may also allow for estimating the effectiveness of the controls so to improve their efficacy. In this article, the authors evaluated the results of tests for the detection of Listeria monocytogenes performed by the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise 'G. Caporale' (IZSAM) on food samples collected during the years 2000-2009 in the territory of Avezzano, Sulmona and Castel di Sangro (province of L'Aquila, Abruzzo, Italy). The comparison of the data examined with those from studies conducted in Italy and in other countries shows that the categories with higher percentages of positivity for Listeria monocytogenes are meat and fish products. Data collected do not indicate cheese as a vehicle of contamination in the sampled areas, in contrast to what reported in the national and international literature. It would therefore be necessary to promote an ad hoc sampling in the areas covered by this study to verify this aspect in more depth

First report of Trichinella pseudospiralis in a wolf (Canis lupus italicus)

Within the genus Trichinella, Trichinella pseudospiralis is the only recognized non-encapsulated species known to infect mammals and birds. In October 2020, larvae recovered from muscle tissues of a wolf (Canis lupus italicus) originating from Molise Region, Central Italy, were molecularly confirmed as those of Trichinella britovi and T. pseudospiralis. This is the first detection of T. pseudospiralis from a wolf. In Italy, this zoonotic nematode was detected in a red fox (Vulpes vulpes), three birds (Strix aluco, Athene noctua, Milvus milvus) and five wild boars (Sus scrofa), and was also identified as the etiological agent of a human outbreak of trichinellosis in 2015. Since T. pseudospiralis is rarely reported from carnivore mammals in comparison to the encapsulated species frequently detected in these hosts, this finding opens the question of the role of carnivores as reservoirs for this parasite

Cell death in human articular chondrocyte: a morpho-functional study in micromass model

Chondrocyte death and loss of extracellular matrix are the central features in articular cartilage degeneration during osteoarthritis pathogenesis. Cartilage diseases and, in particular, osteoarthritis are widely correlated to apoptosis but, chondrocytes undergoing apoptosis "in vivo" more often display peculiar features that correspond to a distinct process of programmed cell death termed "chondroptosis". Programmed cell death of primary human chondrocyte has been here investigated in micromasses, a tridimensional culture model, that represents a convenient means for studying chondrocyte biology. Cell death has been induced by different physical or chemical apoptotic agents, such as UVB radiation, hyperthermia and staurosporine delivered at both 1 and 3 weeks maturation. Conventional electron microscopy was used to analyse morphological changes. Occurrence of DNA fragmentation and caspase involvement were also investigated. At Transmission Electron Microscopy, control cells appear rounding or slightly elongated with plurilobated nucleus and diffusely dispersed chromatin. Typically UVB radiation and staurosporine induce chromatin apoptotic features, while hyperthermia triggers the "chondroptotic" phenotype. A weak TUNEL positivity appears in control, correlated to the well known cell death patterns occurring along cartilage differentiation. UVB radiation produces a strong positivity, mostly localized at the micromass periphery. After hyperthermia a higher number of fluorescent nuclei appears, in particular at 3 weeks. Staurosporine evidences a diffuse, but reduced, positivity. Therefore, DNA fragmentation is a common pattern in dying chondrocytes, both in apoptotic and "chondroptotic" cells. Moreover, all triggers induce caspase pathway activation, even if to a different extent, suggesting a fundamental role of apoptotic features, in chondrocyte cell death

Trichinella britovi Larval Biomass in Wild Canids in the Abruzzi Region, Italy

This study estimated the larval biomass of larvae of Trichinella britovi in wild canids in annual batches of carcasses recovered from the Abruzzi region, Italy, during 2013–2020. The larval biomass decreased from about six million larvae in 2013 to less than three million in 2019–2020. The province of L’Aquila (99 positive specimens out of 109) was the territory most interested by Trichinella infection. As the larval biomass correlates with the larvae per gram, muscle mass and number of positive carcasses, it could be a better indicator to assess Trichinella infection in wildlife than the prevalence alone, which correlates with only positive carcasses and the examined ones

Co-Infection of L. monocytogenes and Toxoplasma gondii in a Sheep Flock Causing Abortion and Lamb Deaths

Abortion in livestock is a public health burden, and the cause of economic losses for farmers. Abortion can be multifactorial, and a deep diagnostic investigation is important to reduce the spread of zoonotic disease and public health prevention. In our study, a multidisciplinary investigation was conducted to address the cause of increased abortion and lamb mortality on a farm, which detected a co-infection of Listeria monocytogenes and Toxoplasma gondii. Hence, it was possible to conclude that this was the reason for a reduced flock health status and the cause of an increased abortion rate. Furthermore, the investigation work and identification of the L. monocytogenes infection root allowed the reduction of economic loss

Whole Genome Sequencing Characterization of HEV3-e and HEV3-f Subtypes among the Wild Boar Population in the Abruzzo Region, Italy: First Report

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emergent zoonotic pathogen, causing worldwide acute and chronic hepatitis in humans. HEV comprises eight genotypes and several subtypes. HEV genotypes 3 and 4 (HEV3 and HEV4) are zoonotic. In Italy, the most part of HEV infections (80%) is due to autochthonous HEV3 circulation of the virus, and the key role played by wild animals is generally accepted. Abruzzo is an Italian region officially considered an HEV “hot spot”, with subtype HEV3-c being up to now the only one reported among wild boars. During the year 2018–2019, a group of wild boars in Abruzzo were screened for HEV; positive RNA liver samples were subjected to HEV characterization by using the whole genome sequencing (WGS) approach methodology. This represents the first report about the detection of HEV-3 subtypes e and f in the wild boar population in this area. Since in Italy human infections from HEV 3-e and f have been associated with pork meat consumption, our findings deserve more in-depth analysis with the aim of evaluating any potential correlation between wild animals, the pork chain production and HEV human infections