Examining the Impact of Social Media Use on Body Dissatisfaction and Eating Disorder Symptomatology Among Adolescents

Media exposure is often cited as a causal factor in the development of body dissatisfaction, or negative thoughts and feelings toward the body (Grogan, 2017; Thompson, Heinberg, Atlabe, & Tantleff-Dunn, 1999). While eating disorders most commonly emerge during late adolescence (18-21 years), risk factors that predict the later onset of eating disorders emerge much earlier and escalate during adolescence (13-16 years; Hudson, Hiripi, Pope, & Kessler, 2007; Rhode, Stice, & Marti, 2016). Overall, links between exposure to traditional forms of mainstream media (e.g. television and magazines), body dissatisfaction, and eating disorder symptomatology are well- established in the literature, with robust findings based on correlational, longitudinal, and experimental research (e.g. Grabe, Ward, & Hyde, 2008; Hargreaves & Tiggemann, 2003; Harrison & Heffner, 2006). However, social media (e.g. Facebook, Instagram, TikTok) now dominate the media diets of adolescents, and differ from traditional media in ways that may exacerbate the association between media exposure and body-related outcomes. Previous research suggests that social comparison and self-objectification may represent two psychological mechanisms by which media exposure can impact body dissatisfaction (Festinger, 1954; Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997). The first study was a between-subjects experimental protocol completed by ninth grade students (N = 147; 75 boys, 69 girls, 3 did not report gender; Mage = 14.54, SDage = .57) and a comparison sample of college students (N = 581; 144 men, 448 women, 9 did not report gender; Mage = 19.39, SDage = 1.72) designed to examine the impact of social comparison and self-objectification on body dissatisfaction. Participants completed either a control task or an experimental manipulation that prompted either self-objectification or both self- objectification and social comparison. Results of this study indicated partial support for hypotheses, specifically that adolescents are particularly sensitive to social comparison processes compared to college students. The second study explored the impact of social media use on body dissatisfaction and eating disorder symptomatology among the same sample of adolescents. This study also explored the role of individual difference characteristics (i.e. self-perceived gender typicality and self-monitoring) in the relationship between social media use and body-related outcomes (Egan & Perry, 2001; Leaper & Brown, 2008; Snyder, 1986; Graziano, Leone, Musser, & Lautenschlager, 1987). Results indicated that higher emotional investment in technology predicted higher eating disorder symptomatology among girls, especially for girls who felt less typical for their gender than their peers. Results also indicated that higher self-monitoring, or greater sensitivity to the opinions of peers, was associated with higher body dissatisfaction and eating disorder symptomatology among both girls and boys. Taken together, the results of these studies suggest that emotional investment in experiences online may contribute to the development of body dissatisfaction and eating disorder symptomatology among adolescents, who are already at a greater risk of experiencing negative body image

The Selfie Generation: Examining the Relationship Between Social Media Use and Early Adolescent Body Image

Social media use among adolescents continues to increase each year. This study explored how the amount of time spent using social media and the specific behaviors used on social media, namely behaviors that involve self-objectification, were related to early adolescents’ body image (i.e., body shame and body surveillance). Three types of social media popular among adolescents were examined: Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram. The current study also examined whether certain youth are more at risk for negative body image outcomes than others, by assessing whether adolescents who are particularly focused on others for approval (i.e. high self-monitors) show greater decrements in body image with greater social media use compared to other adolescents. Results indicated that frequency of social media use predicted higher levels of body shame among individuals high in self-monitoring, and that engagement in self-objectification behaviors on social media predicted higher levels of body surveillance among early adolescents. Implications of these findings are discussed

An ergonomic assessment of the airline baggage handler

A material or baggage handler is responsible for loading and unloading baggage and materials from inbound/outbound aircraft flights and transferring the materials to and from the baggage holding and sorting areas and back to the passengers or output source. Baggage handlers work in all types of inclement weather, all over the airport, and in-and-around the aircraft. The baggage handler\u27s job entails repeated lifting pulling, pushing, squatting, twisting, kneeling, and stretching of the arms and back, which makes the baggage handler\u27s job one of the more challenging material handling jobs to ergonomically assess and make corrections for. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the current literature available pertaining to baggage handlers and ergonomics, as well as examine all aspects of the baggage handlers\u27 job in an effort to develop ergonomic solutions. This thesis is based on the literature review of a core set of articles that thoroughly cover the major aspects of the baggage handlers\u27 job, work environment, and ergonomic afflictions pertinent to the baggage handlers using ergonomic evaluation techniques. It was shown that typical solutions to ergonomic problems of baggage handlers, such as wearing back support belts, are not conclusively effective in reducing the back injury rate amongst airline baggage handlers. The redesign of workstations and aircraft holds, although thought to be the most effective idea due to success where already applied, was not the most practical or readily available solution financially. The future of ergonomic advancements in the field of airline material handling will rely on future research. Such a research will need to develop a benefit analysis to quantify the dollars spent on back-related injuries against the cost of remodeling aircrafts and workstations

Noticias en torno a Yom Tob Atías, alias Jerónimo de Vargas

The team of Ferrara editors was headed by two former New Christians: an entrepreneur, a native of Spain, and a Latin scholar from Portugal who in the introductions to variant editions of their scriptural production alternately call themselves by their Christian names Jeronimo de Vargas and Duarte Pinel, and by their Jewish names Yom Tob Atias and Abraham Usque. This “editorial schizophrenia” is reflected in the Italian archives. Whereas the historian Renata Segre’s researches have documented that Duarte Pinel and Abraham Usque were one and the same person, she was unable to find archival proof uniting Jeronimo de Vargas and Yom Tob Atias. The researcher Aron Leoni came up with a Latin notarial deed in the Ferrara archives wherein “Joantu Athias” is called “ptrem ac legitimum administratorum Hieronimi Vargas” and also the latter’s “patre et legitimo administrator.” He supposed “ptrem” to be an abbreviation of “procuratorem” and “patre” to mean father. Thus he concluded that Yom Tob Atias was the father of Jeronimo de Vargas. Close examination of the document and comparison with two others which have recently come to light reveal, however, the incontrovertible identity of Yom Tob Atias and Jeronimo de Vargas. We are dealing with a typical case of ex-Marrano heteronomy: a former New Christian maintaining a separate onomastic Christian identity alongside his Jewish one.El equipo de editores de Ferrara fue dirigido por dos antiguos cristianos nuevos, uno financiero, originario de España, y el otro, un latinista portugués. En las distintas introducciones a edición bíblica los dos se autodenominan alternativamente por sus nombres cristianos –Jerónimo de Vargas y Duarte Pinel– y por sus nombres judíos, Yom Tob Atías y Abraham Usque. Esta «esquizofrenia editorial» ha dejado huella en los archivos italianos. Mientras que las investigaciones de Renata Segre han documentado que Pinel y Usque eran la misma persona, no consiguió una prueba archivística para identificar a Vargas y Atías. El investigador Aron Leoni descubrió en los archivos de Ferrara un documento notarial en latín, en el que «Juantu Athias» es denominado «ptrem ac legitimum administratorum Hieronimi Vargas» y también «patre et legitimo administrador» de este último. Leoni conjeturaba que «patrem» era una abreviatura de «procuratorem» y que «patre» significaba padre, concluyendo que Atías sería padre de Jerónimo de Vargas. Un reexamen del documento y su comparación con otros dos que han salido a la luz revelan que Yom Tob Atías y Jerónimo de Vargas eran la misma persona: estamos en presencia de un caso típico de identidad doble entre antiguos cristianos nuevos que habían adoptado el judaísmo fuera de la península Ibérica, manteniendo su identidad onomástica cristiana, pero separada de la judía

El criptojudaísmo castellano reexaminado

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Spanish Marranism Re-examined

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Models for Economic Evaluation of Flexible Manufacturing Systems

The current methods of economic justification are not suitable for identifying the benefits of automated manufacturing systems. This study is an introduction to Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS), its main features, and the economic benefits that can be expected. The models are designed to perform the following analyses: 1. Analysis of direct cost savings. 2. Analysis of the impact of incremental implementation on capital recovery costs. 3. Analysis of the cost effects of improving machine utilization and reducing manufacturing lead time. 4. Sensitivity analysis of the after-tax equivalent uniform annual cost of a FMS and a conventional system. The models are built to (1) utilize readily available data or output data from simulation studies, (2) provide reliable results, and (3) simplify reality to a small package of information that facilitates effective decision making. To explain the models and to analyze empirically the economic performance of an FMS, the models were fed with published, assumed, or generated data. The output of each analysis is summarized in tables, depicted in graphs, and specific conclusions are synthesized at the end of each model presentation