Dynamics of Growth, Poverty, and Inequality in Pakistan

The relationship between growth, inequality, and poverty has been a moot point. On the one hand growth is considered central or the best course to reduce poverty (e.g. World Development Report 1990) with the preconditions that access to education, health, and social services are available to all by means of other policies. On the other hand, there is a realisation that growth, inequality, and poverty relations are non-linear, complex, and path dependent in their dynamics. An important point made in this context by Kuznets (1955) was the empirical finding of an inverted U (arch) shape relationship between growth and inequality which suggested that the inequality would increase with growth in the beginning, but will decline at higher levels of growth as the benefits of growth trickle down to lower income strata. This argument has been debated since then in the literature with empirical support gathered for and against this hypothesis. Recent theoretical literature on the issue tries to find the micro-foundations of the dynamical relations between these three variables (see for example, proceedings of the 5th ABCDE Annual (World) Bank Conference on Development Economics)

4-[(Anthracen-9-yl­methyl­idene)amino]-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-3(2H)-one

In the title compound, C26H21N3O, the phenyl ring of the 4-amino­anti­pyrine group and the heterocyclic five-membered ring along with its substituents, except for the N-bound methyl group (r.m.s. deviation = 0.0027 Å), form a dihedral angle of 54.20 (5)°. Two S(6) ring motifs are formed due to intra­molecular C—H⋯N and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked into supra­molecular chains along the a-axis direction via C—H⋯O contacts

2-[(2-Chloro­benzyl­idene)amino]-4,5,6,7-tetra­hydro-1-benzothio­phene-3-carbonitrile

In the title compound, C16H13ClN2S, the mean planes fitted through all non-H atoms of the heterocyclic five-membered and the benzene rings are oriented at a dihedral angle of 5.19 (7)°. In the crystal, a weak C—H⋯π inter­action occurs, along with weak π–π inter­actions [cenroid–centroid distance = 3.7698 (11) Å]

N-[(E)-1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl­methyl­idene]-3,4-dimethyl-1,2-oxazol-5-amine

In the title compound, C13H12N2O3, the dihedral angle between the aromatic rings is 7.94 (12)°. In the crystal, inversion dimers linked by pairs of C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds generate R 2 2(6) loops. Weak π–π [centroid–centroid separations = 3.7480 (13) and 3.9047 (13) Å] and C—H⋯π inter­actions help to consolidate the packing

“COVID-19” and its Cardiovascular Complications – Review

By the end of December in 2019, the world got trapped under the dark shadow of the deadly novel virus that was given the name as “Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome‐coronaVirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2)”. Due to its rapid spread in all the continents, “Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)” was announced as the pandemic due to its high potential of infecting the human beings. This viral infection not only become the reason of mortality, but it also lethally effected the the infrastructure of public health care system and the global economic situation. “COVID-19” generally maifestated as the “viral pneumonia”, sporadically leading to “acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)” and death. Frequent clinical studies have depicted an interrelation between this deadly virus and cardiovascular diseases. Precedent cardiovascular disease in a person seems to be linked with adverse consequences and high chances of mortality in patients with (COVID-19 infection), whereas this virus itself has a potential of inducing the arrhythmia, acute coronary syndrome, myocardial injury and venous thromboembolism. One of the most significant point of concern is the drug & disease interactions that affect the patients with viral infection and comorbid cardiovascular diseases. By integrating the data and information regarding the biological features of this contagious novel virus, this review has summarized the pivotal cardiac manifestations, their management, and future implications. By correlating the facts and figures related to the biological conditions of this lethal virus with the reported clinical findings, we can ameliorate our conceptions regarding the significant mechanisms underlying (COVID-19), ultimately leading towards the control of this viral infection by the progressive development in preventions and treatments

Future of Cooperative Farming in Pakistan

The main objective of this study was to work out production efficiency of some cooperative and non cooperative farmers in the central Punjab, Pakistan. For this purpose a survey of central Punjab was conducted in the year of 2008-09. Two type samples were taken for the study. First type sample was comprised of 15 respondents who had joined together in different ways to cultivate their available lands. Second type included 60 respondents, 20 from each district of Jhang, Faisalabad and TT Singh. The results obtained through t-statistics analysis revealed that the per acre use of Agri inputs and outputs obtained for all the cash crops was significantly different and  higher in case of cooperatives than non-cooperatives farmers. The benefit cost   (B-C) ratio indicated that it was 38% higher for cooperative than non-cooperatives as it was 1.98 and 1.43 for respective categories. But these cooperatives farming could not sustain for longer time due to the lake of education and conflicts between the members. Keywords: Cooperatives, Farming, Punjab, Pakista

N-(4-Bromo­benzyl­idene)-3,4-dimethyl­isoxazol-5-amine

In the title compound, C12H11BrN2O, the 4-bromo­benzaldehyde and 5-amino-3,4-dimethyl­isoxazole units are oriented at a dihedral angle of 4.89 (8)°. In the crystal, weak π–π inter­actions are present between the benzene rings at a centroid–centroid distance of 3.7862 (14) Å

(2E)-1-(2,5-Dimethyl­thio­phen-3-yl)-3-(3-nitro­phen­yl)prop-2-en-1-one

In the title compound, C15H13NO3S, the benzene ring and the five-membered heterocyclic ring are oriented at a dihedral angle of 12.00 (6)°. In the crystal, C—H⋯O inter­actions generate two types of cyclic motifs, R 2 2(14) and R 2 2(26), connecting the mol­ecules into tapes extending along [101]. In addition, there are π–π stacking inter­actions between the benzene and thio­phene rings with centroid-centroid distances of 3.7263 (14) and 3.7487 (14) Å

N-(4-Chloro­benzyl­idene)-3,4-dimethyl­isoxazol-5-amine

The mol­ecule of the title compound, C12H11ClN2O, has E configuration at the azomethine double bond and is virtually planar with a dihedral angle of 1.25 (13)° between the benzene and isoxazole rings. C—H⋯π inter­actions stabilize the crystal structure