Thin film flow of non-newtonian third grade fluid down an inclined plane by variation of parameter method

In this study, a non-Newtonian third-grade fluid flow down an inclined parallel plate held horizontally against each other are investigated. As the nonlinear differential equation which governs the flow model can be obtained by using the conversation of laws, the Variation of Parameters Method (VPM) is then applied to solve the aforementioned differential equation. The proposed VPM is applied without any discretization, perturbation, transformation or restrictive assumptions and is free from round off errors and calculation. Analytical solution solved by Runge-Kutta numerical solution and the VPM show excellent agreement. Effects of flow parameters β and m on the velocity field are demonstrated graphically with comprehensive discussions. Numerical results reveal the complete reliability of the proposed VPM

Research On Biodegradable Lubricant in Combustion Engine

Lubricants predominantly used to reduce friction and gain smooth functioning of a vehicle. Biodegradable lubricants are perceived to be alternative to mineral oil lubricants because of their properties and biodegradability. This review paper discusses the effect of biodegradable lubrication in term of emission performance, wear, friction and viscosity effect to the internal combustion engine using multiple types of biodegradable lubrications. Bench wear test was conducted using Yamaha, ET 950 to carry out the effect of the biolubricant in spark ignition (SI) engine. The bench test was conducted under several conditions: pressure, 3.0 MPa; sliding speed, 0.20 m/s; sliding stroke, 80 mm; room temperature, >25°C. The second experiment were conducted with 100 percentage SAE 40, palm oil and palm oil (14%) + castor oil (86%) blend as its crankcase lubricant using four stroke compression ignition (CI) engine. A thermocouple was used to measure the parameters temperature every 5 minutes’ interval with the engine operating for an hour under no load, 2.5 kg, 5 kg, and 7 kg load condition. The emission performance was run using neem oil blends as samples. The brief discussion is made on emission performance, fuel efficiency, viscosity index and coefficient of friction. Also, deduction was made for the temperature of crank case oil, coolant and the exhaust gas

Method of lines and runge-kutta method in solving partial differential equation for heat equation

Solving the differential equation for Newton’s cooling law mostly consists of several fragments formed during a long time to solve the equation. However, the stiff type problems seem cannot be solved efficiently via some of these methods. This research will try to overcome such problems and compare results from two classes of numerical methods for heat equation problems. The heat or diffusion equation, an example of parabolic equations, is classified into Partial Differential Equations. Two classes of numerical methods which are Method of Lines and Runge-Kutta will be performed and discussed. The development, analysis and implementation have been made using the Matlab language, which the graphs exhibited to highlight the accuracy and efficiency of the numerical methods. From the solution of the equations, it showed that better accuracy is achieved through the new combined method by Method of Lines and Runge-Kutta method

Extraction and characterisation of pectin from dragon fruit (hylocereus polyrhizus) peels

Pectins are complex carbohydrate molecules that are used in numerous food applications as a gelling agent, thickener, stabiliser, and emulsifier. Dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) is one of the tropical fruits that belong to the cactus family, Cactaceae. Since the peels of dragon fruit are often discarded as waste, it would be an advantage to convert it into a value-added product such as pectin. The objective of this study was to investigate the extraction of pectin from dragon fruit peels under different extraction time using hot water extraction method. The dragon fruit peels were extracted using distilled water at 80 °C with different extraction time of 20, 40, 60 and 80 min. The extracted pectin was characterised by its yield, moisture and ash content, degree of esterification and antioxidant activity. Determination of moisture and ash content was conducted using AOAC standard method. The determination of the degree of esterification of pectin was performed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). DPPH assay was used to determine the antioxidant activity of the pectin extract. Based on the result, the yield of pectin decreases (20.34 to 16.20 %) with the increase of extraction time, moisture contents were between 4 to 6 % while ash contents were between 7 to 10 %. Pectin from dragon fruit peels was determined as low methoxyl pectin and has high percentage of antioxidant activity with low value of inhibition concentration (IC50) (0.0063 to 0.0080 mg/mL). 60 min extraction sample exhibits the highest antioxidant activity (81.91 % at 40 μg/mL), followed by 80 min extraction (81.68 % at 40 μg/mL), 40 min extraction (81.38 % at 40 μg/mL) and 20 min extraction (81.31 % at 40 μg/mL)

Study on Mist Nozzle Spray Characteristics for Cooling Application

Evaporative cooling mist spray is a cost effective solution for many cooling applications. Selection of misting spray nozzle play a major role in order to provide the suitable spraying condition in regards to the application. One of the most widely use mist spray application is evaporative cooling of outdoor open area. This study was carried out to characterized the spray formation, size of droplet, velocity of the droplet and the angle of the spray formation from a commercial mist spray nozzle namely 1/8 SF-CE SM nozzle with 1 mm and 2 mm diameter hole. Water was supplied with different pressure of 1, 2 and 4 bar. High speed video camera and still digital camera using short burst of flash were used to produce the video and image for analysis. The results show that increase in water pressure affect the spray angle, increase droplet speed and decrease droplet size of the mist spray

Influence of Material Composition on Flame Spread Behaviour over Combustible Solid of Paper/Bagasse

Fire Safety Engineering is an application of science to improve the safety from the destructive effect of the fire. Paper is one of sources creating fire, however, research on flame spread towards paper is still not enough to describe about the phenomenon. Inspiration from this, the behavior of downward flame spread over paper/bagasse is experimentally investigated. Composition of 0%, 30%, 50%, 70% and 100% bagasse is determined for this research. Flame spread behavior for each composition is analyzed from the observation. Results show for each composition, the flame spreads with “U†shape at the beginning of combustion until the whole specimen. The result also shows that the flame spread rate decreases as bagasse composition increases. The highest flame spread is 0.8133 mm/s for pure paper and the lowest one is 0.4814 mm/s for pure bagasse. It infers that the flame spread shape and rate is influenced by the bagasse composition and density, respectively.Â

Alcohol sensing properties of nanosized thick film WO3 doped with Y2O3

In this paper the response of printed thick-film of WO3 doped by Y2O3 to organic solvent was studied. Different ratio of doping was prepared and changes of film resistance at different temperature in present of vaporized types of alcohol were observed. The results showed a high sensitivity of the film of 80.1%WO3-18.8%Y2O3 to Toluene, Xylene, Methanol, and 2-Propanone (Acetone) at 250, 450, and 550 °C, and higher sensitivity of 94.3%WO3-4.7%Y2O 3 at 350 °C. Microscopic images of the samples including SEM and TEM were observed. EDX and XRD analysis onto the samples also were done

Investigation of diesel injector flow pattern based on computer-aided design

Improvements in the diesel fuel injection systems can provide efficient combustion in internal combustion engine. However, the detail relationship between the diesel injector nozzle cavitation parameters are still remain unclear. The main goal of this research is to verify the flow characteristics inside the fuel injector nozzle by using CFD. A computational fluid dynamics cavitation models of diesel injector nozzles is presented and tested. Then, the experimental data are used to validate the models. The researcher used the same shape configeration and boundary condition. The injection event is inherently transient, as the injection pressure varies with the needle lift position. In order to capture this transient aspect within a steady-state formulation, this study performed simulations for different lift positions for the base nozzle. The results is done for the flow distribution for needle lift positions at 0.275 mm, 0.2 mm, 0.15 mm, and 0.1 mm. The corresponding velocity vector is plotted in order to explain the transient cavitation behavior. The velocity vectors for needle lift=0.275 mm indicate that the flow entering the orifice encounters a sharp bend (i.e., large velocity and pressure gradients) at the top of the orifice inlet causing cavitation in this region, However, with needle lift position at 0.15 mm, the flow entrance into the orifice is relatively smooth

Effect of tire pyrolysis oil, crude palm biodiesel and engine speed on engine performance

Diesel combustion engine which the air is compressed to a sufficiently high temperature used to ignite diesel fuel injected into cylinder, where ignition, burning combustion and expansion actuate a piston. Due to limited resources of fossil fuel, the new alternative fuel is rise and now biodiesel became attention in the automotive industries sector. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of tire pyrolysis oil, crude palm biodiesel and engine speed on engine performance. Two cylinders four strokes cycle, air cooled, compression ignition was used to conduct this experiment. Then, the data was collected by PC based software from the experiment to show its performance. This engine experiment done by using blended biodiesel from blended tire pyrolysis oi l (TPO) that is TPO20 and TPO25 and also standard diesel (STD). Next the experiment also had done run using blended biodiesel from blended crude palm oil (CPO) which was CPO10 and CPO15 and also standard diesel (STD). The engine were done run at different speed for 1200rpm, 1400rpm, 1600rpm, 1800rpm and 2000rpm. The results of the engine performance were compared in different calculations which were brake power, torque, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency and the exhaust gas temperature. The development of the biodiesel technology will give an alternative fuel for the diesel engine user in order for them to do their daily routin

Influence of dammar gum application on the mechanical properties of pineapple leaf fiber reinforced tapioca biopolymer composites

The objective of this work is to investigate the influence of the utilization of dammar gum (DG), which is a biodegradable and renewable binder, on the mechanical properties of short pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) reinforced tapioca biopolymer (TBP). Samples with variable DG concentrations (10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% by weight) and a constant 30% PALF composition were created with varying TBP percentages using an internal mixing process and compression molding. The results showed that PALF-TBP with 10% DG had the highest mechanical properties with tensile, flexural, and impact strength of 19.49 MPa, 18.53 MPa and 13.79 KJ/m2, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images prove the enhanced mechanical characteristics. In addition, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis showed that the DG improves the matrix and PALF interface. The results show that the utilization of DG significantly enhanced the mechanical characteristics of composites. In addition, it is anticipated that it will be able to create PALF-TBP-DG composites as a potential alternative for conventional polymers in various applications, especially in engineering applications such as automotive and packaging industries. Therefore, it is expected to be capable of contributing to sustainable development goals (SDGs)