39 research outputs found

    Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) and uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) : characterization and comparison

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    Introduction: Avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) and uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) are responsible for avian colibacillosis and human urinary tract infections, respectively. There are genetic similarities between the APEC and UPEC pathotypes, suggesting the APEC strains could be a potential reservoir of virulence and antimicrobial-resistance genes for the UPEC strains. This study aimed to characterize and compare APEC and UPEC strains regarding the phylogroup classification, pathogenicity and antimicrobial susceptibility. Methodology: A total of 238 APEC and 184 UPEC strains were selected and characterized. The strains were assayed for antimicrobial susceptibility and classified into phylogenetic groups using a multiplex-PCR protocol. In addition, the APEC strains had previously been classified according to their in vivo pathogenicity. Results: The results showed that both pathotypes had variation in their susceptibility to most of the antimicrobial agents evaluated, with few strains classified as multidrug resistant. The highest resistance rate for both pathotypes was to amoxicillin. Classifying the APEC and UPEC strains into phylogenetic groups determined that the most frequently frequencies were for groups D and B2, respectively. These results reflect the pathogenic potential of these strains, as all the UPEC strains were isolated from unhealthy patients, and most of the APEC strains were previously classified as pathogenic. Conclusions: The results indicate that distribution into phylogenetic groups provided, in part, similar classification to those of in vivo pathogenicity index, as it was possible to adequately differentiate most of the pathogenic and commensal or low-pathogenicity bacteria. However, no relationship could be found between the specific antimicrobial agents and pathogenicity or phylogenetic group for either pathotype

    Classification of Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli by a Novel Pathogenicity Index Based on an Animal Model

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    Background: Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli is the main agent of colibacillosis, a systemic disease that causes considerable economic losses to the poultry industry. In vivo experiments are used to measure the ability of E. coli to be pathogenic. Generally, these experiments have proposed different criteria for results interpretation and did not take into account the death time. The aim of this study was to propose a new methodology for the classification of E. coli pathogenicity by the establishment of a pathogenicity index based in the lethality, death time and the ability of the strain to cause colibacillosis lesions in challenged animals.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 293 isolates of E. coli were randomly selected to this study. The strains were isolated from cellulitis lesions, broiler bedding material or respiratory diseases and were previously confirmed through biochemical profile. The bacterial isolates were kept frozen at -20°C. The strains were retrieved from stocks and cultured in brain-heart infusion broth overnight at 37°C to obtain a final concentration of 109 UFC/mL. A total of 2940 one-dayold chicks from commercial breeding hens were randomly assigned to groups containing 10 animals and each group was subcutaneously inoculated in the abdominal region with 0.1 mL of the standard inoculum solution containing each of the strains. A control group of 10 broilers were inoculated with 0.1 mL of brain-heart infusion broth by the same route. The chicks were kept for seven days. They were observed at intervals of 6, 12 and 24 h post-inoculation during the first days. From the second day on, the chicks were observed at intervals of 12 h. According to the death time and to the scores of each lesion (aerosaculitis, pericarditis, perihepatitis, peritonitis and cellulitis), a formula to determine the Individual Pathogenicity Index was established. A value of 10 was established as the maximum pathogenicity rate for an inoculated bird. From this rate, 5 points corresponded to scores for gross lesions present at necropsy. For each lesion present, it represents 1 point. The remaining 5 points corresponded to the death time. To obtain the death time value, an index of 1, corresponding to the maximum value assigned to a death on the first day, was divided by the number of days that the birds were evaluated, resulting in a value of 0.1428, which corresponded to a survival bonus factor. It was possible to classify E. coli strains into four pathogenicity groups according to the pathogenicity index: high pathogenicity (pathogenicity index ranging from 7 to 10), intermediate pathogenicity (pathogenicity index ranging from 4 to 6.99), low pathogenicity (pathogenicity index ranging from 1 to 3.99) and apathogenic (pathogenicity index ranging from 0 to 0.99). The analysis of the strains according to their origin revealed that isolates from broiler bedding material presented a lower pathogenicity index.Discussion: It is possible that the source of isolation implies in different results, depending on the criteria adopted. This data reinforces the importance of use a more accurate mathematical model to represents the biological phenomenon. In the study, all avian pathogenic Escherichia coli strains were classified based on a pathogenicity index and the concept of the death time represents an interesting parameter to measure the ability of the strain to promote acute and septicemic manifestation. The use of a support method for poultry veterinary diagnostic accompanying the fluctuation of the bacteria pathogenicity inside the farms may indicate a rational use of antimicrobial in poultry industry

    Identification of virulence-associated markers in Escherichia coli isolated from captive red-browed amazon parrot (Amazona rhodocorytha)

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    Due to the genetic similarity of pathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from birds and pathotypes of human origin, it is suggested that they have a common ancestor and may exchange virulence-associated genes. This study aimed to detect virulence-associated genes in E. coli strains isolated from the Red-browed Amazon parrot (Amazona rhodocorytha) kept at a conservation institute in Brazil. High genetic variability in virulence was observed, since 12 virulence profiles were found among 14 strains. The number of virulence-associated genes of single strains ranged from 5 to 22 out of 33 genes tested, and only one strain did not present any virulence genes. Regarding adhesion genes, most strains presented from two to five genes, and crlA (85.7%) and fimC (85.7%) were the most frequent. Frequencies were similar for invasion and iron acquisition genes. Variations among genes were observed for serum resistance and toxin-related genes. Some of the E. coli strains isolated from parrots presented virulence genes that are commonly associated with pathotypes of human origin, including newborn meningitis E. coli, uropathogenic E. coli, and sepsis-associated E. coli. It is noteworthy that some of these genes were present in the majority of the analyzed strains. Our results indicate that these strains detected in clinically healthy parrots can be potential reservoirs of several virulence-associated genes. These genes can be transmitted to other E. coli strains, including those that affect humans. These E. coli strains present a high pathogenic potential of virulence-associated genes in extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli strains

    Detecção de aflatoxina B1 no organismo de frangos de corte através do emprego de ensaio imuno-enzimático utilizando anticorpos monoclonais(ELISA)

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    As aflatoxinas prejudicam os parâmetros de produção, causam imunodepressão humoral e celular e afetam o mecanismo de coagulação. No sul do Brasil, a aflatoxicose representou de 15 a 29% dos casos examinados em laboratório de 1985 a 1991, sendo uma das principais enfermidades diagnosticadas no período em questão.Frangos de corte com 42 dias de idade, fêmeas, com peso médio de 1.800 g foram inoculados diretamente no inglúvio com 360 mg de aflatoxina B 1 através de dose única. Aos 30 minutos, 1, 2, 5, 8, 12 e 24 horas após a inoculação, cinco animais tratados e quatro controles foram sacrificados e coletados 40g de fígado, de cada um, para serem processados individualmente. Usou-se o “kit” comercial Veratox da Neogen Co. que emprega o ensaio imunoenzimático utilizando anticorpos monoclonais (ELISA). Nos fígados, houve diferenças significativas (

    Utilização da inteligência artificial (redes neurais artificiais) para a classificação da resistência a antimicrobianos e do comportamento bioquímico de amostras de Escherichia coli isoladas de frangos de corte

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    O estudo foi feito através de um banco de registros de amostras de Escherichia coli, isoladas de frangos de corte. Na presente tese foram utilizadas 246 amostras do patógeno citado acima, com todas as características utilizadas em recentes trabalhos acadêmicos. Para a classificação das amostras utilizou-se a inteligência artificial, onde traçou-se uma interrelação entre as variáveis usadas: origem (lesões cutâneas, quadros respiratórios, cama), motilidade das amostras, lesões causadas (aerossaculite, pericardite, peritonite, periepatite, celulite), IP, genes (cvaC, iss, iutA, falA, Kpsll, papC, tsh), 14 anitimicrobianos (Amicacina, Amoxacilina e Ácido clavulânico, Ampicilina, Cefalexina, Cefuroxina, Ceftiofur, Ciprofloxacina, Clindamicina, Cotrimoxazol, Enrofloxacina, Gentamicina, Norfloxacina, Ofloxacina, Tetraciclina) e os bioquímicos variáveis (Adonitol, Ornitina, Arginina, Dulcitol, Salicina, Sacarose, Rafinose). No total foram feitas durante a tese em torno de 140 redes neurais, das quais foram utilizadas somente as que melhor apresentaram uma classificação correta e dentre estas as que continham um número menor de variáveis envolvidas. Durante o trabalho foram anexados 5 artigos científicos. Os artigos foram intitulados da seguinte maneira: Resistência antimicrobiana de amostras de Escherichia coli oriundas de camas de aviários, lesões de celulite e de quadros respiratórios de frangos de corte do Rio Grande do Sul; Utilização de inteligência artificial (redes neurais artificiais) para classificar a resistência antimicrobiana de amostras de Escherichia coli isoladas de frango de corte; Utilização de inteligência artificial (redes neurais artificiais) para a classificação do comportamento bioquímico de amostras de Escherichia coli isoladas de frangos de corte; Use of artificial intelligence (artificial meural networks) to classify the pathogenicity of Escherichia coli isolates from broilers; Genes associated with pathogenicity of avian Escherichia coli (APEC) isolated from respiratory cases of poultry. Nos primeiro artigo observou-se uma multi-resistência a pelo menos duas das 14 drogas utilizadas. No segundo artigo citado, notou-se que dentre as amostras analisadas corretamente apresentaram uma porcentagem de 84% a 100% nas amostras intermediárias, 81% a 100% para as resistentes, 89% a 100% sensíveis. No terceiro trabalho, foi concluído que as redes feitas foram capazes de classificar corretamente as amostras com uma amplitude de 87,80% a 98,73%. Além disso, a sensibilidade e a especificidade das classificações obtidas variam de 59,32% a 99,47% e de 80,00% a 98,54%, respectivamente. No quarto artigo, seguindo a ordem descrita acima, as redes construídas que usaram 11 categorias dos índices de patogenicidade, apresentaram 54,27% de classificações corretas, no entanto quando foram usadas somente 3 categorias essa porcentagem subiu para 80,55%. Houve um aumento das classificações corretas para 83,96% quando as categorias foram apenas duas. No quinto artigo, foram usadas um total de 61 amostras de Escherichia coli, onde foram testadas a presença dos genes citados no início deste resumo, e houve uma presença de 73,8% do gene iss, 55,7% do tsh, 45,9% do iutA, 39,3% do felA, o papc apareceu em 24,3% das amostras, o cvaC em 23%, e por fim, o kpsll em 18%. Mais uma vez pode-se afirmar, que o uso das redes neurais artificiais cada mais, está servindo como uma ferramenta que dá um suporte científico para a tomada de decisão.This study was made using a data bank with samples of Escherichia coli, isolated from broilers. In the present thesis, 246 samples of the mentioned pathogenic bacteria, which were cited above, with all the characteristics used in recent academic works. For the classification of the samples, artificial intelligence was used, and a correlation between the taken variables was established: origin (cutaneous lesions, lesions of poultry with respiratory signals, litter of poultry house), motility of the samples, injuries (aerosaculitis, pericarditis, peritonitis, periepatitis, celullitis), PI, genes (cvaC, iss, iutA, falA, Kpsll, papC, tsh), 14 antimicrobials (Amikacyn, Amoxacillin and clavulanic acid, Ampicilin, Cefalexin, Cefuroxime, Ceftiofur, Ciprofloxacin, Clindamycin, Cotrimoxazole, Enrofloxacin, Gentamycin, Norfloxacin, Ofloxacin, Tetracyclin) and the biochemical profile (Adonitol, Ornithine, Arginine, Dulcitol, Salicin, Sucrose, Raffinose). In this thesis, 140 neural networks were constructed, from which the ones that presented the best correct classifications, and the ones that used the lesser number of variables were chosen. Five scientific articles were annexed. The articles were entitled in the following way: Antimicrobial resistance of samples of Escherichia coli from litter of poultry house, celullitis lesions, and lesions of poultry with respiratory signals in broilers of Rio Grande do Sul; The use of artificial intelligence (artificial neural networks) to classify the antimicrobial resistance isolated from samples of Escherichia coli in broilers; The use of artificial intelligence (artificial neural networks) to classify the biochemical profile of samples isolated from Escherichia coli in broilers; The use of artificial intelligence (artificial neural networks) to classify the pathogenicity of Escherichia coli isolates from broilers; Genes associated with pathogenicity of avian Escherichia coli (APEC) isolated from respiratory cases of poultry. In the first article a multi resistance at least to two of the 14 used drugs was observed. In the second article, it was noticed that 84% to 100% were intermediate, 81% to 100% were resistant, and 89% to 100% were sensible. In the third work, it was concluded that the neural networks were able to classify correctly with an amplitude from 87.80% to 98.73%. Moreover, the sensitivity and the specificity of the gotten classifications vary from 59.32% to 99.47% and from 80.00% to 98.54%, respectively. In the fourth article, following the described order above, the constructed neural networks, which used 11 categories of the pathogenicity indices, presented 54.27% of correct classifications, when just 3 categories were used, the correct classification went up to 80,55%. There was an increase in the correct classifications to 83.96% when the categories were only two. In the fifth paper, it was used a total of 61 samples of Escherichia coli, and tested the presence of the cited genes at the beginning of this summary, and the presence was 73.8% of the gene iss, 55.7% of tsh, 45.9% of iutA, 39.3% of felA, papc appeared in 24.3% of the samples, cvaC in 23%, and finally, kpsll in 18%. One more time, it can be affirmed that the use of artificial neural networks is serving as a tool to provide a scientific support for the decision making

    Utilização de inteligência artitificail (redes neurais artificiais) no gerenciamento do incubatório de uma empresa avícola do sul do Brasil.

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    O estudo foi feito através de séries históricas de dados de um incubatório pertencente a uma integração avícola do Rio Grande do Sul, durante os anos de 1999 a 2003, com os quais foram feitas análises do tipo observacional analítico e transversal. Primeiramente usou-se os registros de 5 linhagens de frangos utilizadas pela empresa no transcorrer do período de 23 de fevereiro de 1995 a 25 de janeiro de 2002. As linhagens foram identificadas da seguinte forma: COBB, HIGH YIELD, MPK, ROSS308, e X. Esses 81 lotes analisados foram estudados através dos seus respectivos registros que continham: o número inicial de fêmeas, número inicial de machos, ração total/cabeça, ração/cabeça/inicial/recria, ração/cabeça/inicial/postura, ovos postos, ração p/ovo posto, pintos nascidos, percentagem viabilidade postura fêmea, percentagem viabilidade postura machos. O método aqui proposto provou ser capaz de classificar as linhagens a partir das entradas escolhidas. Na linhagem que apresentava uma grande quantidade de amostras a classificação foi muito precisa. Nas demais, com menor número de dados, a classificação foi efetuada, e, como era de se esperar, os resultados foram menos consistentes. Com o mesmo banco de dados dos lotes fechados, realizou-se a segunda etapa da dissertação. Nela, procedeu-se o treinamento das redes neurais artificiais onde foram utilizadas as seguintes variáveis de saída: ovos incubáveis, percentagem de ovos incubáveis, ovos incubados, percentagem de ovos incubados, pintos nascidos e pintos aproveitáveis. Os resultados apresentaram R2 oscilando entre 0,93 e 0,99 e o erro médio e o quadrado médio do erro ajustados, demonstrando a utilidade das redes para explicar as variáveis de saída. Na terceira e última etapa da dissertação, destinada à validação dos modelos, foram usados quatro arquivos distintos denominados da seguinte forma: INPESO (3.110 linhas de registros de pesos dos reprodutores), ININFO (56.018 linhas de registros com as informações diárias do ocorrido nas granjas de reprodução até o incubatório), INOVOS (35.000 linhas de registros com informações sobre os ovos processados), INNASC: 43.828 linhas de registros com informações sobre os nascimentos. O modelo gerado para o ano de 1999 foi capaz de predizer corretamente os resultados deste mesmo ano e dos anos de 2000, 2001, 2002 e 2003. O mesmo procedimento foi repetido criando modelo com os registros do ano em questão e validando-o com os registros dos anos subseqüentes. Em todas as ocasiões foram obtidos bons resultados traduzidos por um alto valor no R2. Concluindo, os fenômenos próprios do incubatório puderam ser explicados através das redes neurais artificiais. A técnica, seguindo a mesma tendência das dissertações que anteriormente já haviam demonstrado que esta metodologia pode ser utilizada para o gerenciamento de reprodutoras pesadas e de frangos de corte, pode realizar simulações, predições e medir a contribuição de cada variável no fenômeno observado, tornando-se uma poderosa ferramenta para o gerenciamento do incubatório e num suporte cientificamente alicerçado para a tomada de decisão

    Utilização da inteligência artificial (redes neurais artificiais) para a classificação da resistência a antimicrobianos e do comportamento bioquímico de amostras de Escherichia coli isoladas de frangos de corte

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    O estudo foi feito através de um banco de registros de amostras de Escherichia coli, isoladas de frangos de corte. Na presente tese foram utilizadas 246 amostras do patógeno citado acima, com todas as características utilizadas em recentes trabalhos acadêmicos. Para a classificação das amostras utilizou-se a inteligência artificial, onde traçou-se uma interrelação entre as variáveis usadas: origem (lesões cutâneas, quadros respiratórios, cama), motilidade das amostras, lesões causadas (aerossaculite, pericardite, peritonite, periepatite, celulite), IP, genes (cvaC, iss, iutA, falA, Kpsll, papC, tsh), 14 anitimicrobianos (Amicacina, Amoxacilina e Ácido clavulânico, Ampicilina, Cefalexina, Cefuroxina, Ceftiofur, Ciprofloxacina, Clindamicina, Cotrimoxazol, Enrofloxacina, Gentamicina, Norfloxacina, Ofloxacina, Tetraciclina) e os bioquímicos variáveis (Adonitol, Ornitina, Arginina, Dulcitol, Salicina, Sacarose, Rafinose). No total foram feitas durante a tese em torno de 140 redes neurais, das quais foram utilizadas somente as que melhor apresentaram uma classificação correta e dentre estas as que continham um número menor de variáveis envolvidas. Durante o trabalho foram anexados 5 artigos científicos. Os artigos foram intitulados da seguinte maneira: Resistência antimicrobiana de amostras de Escherichia coli oriundas de camas de aviários, lesões de celulite e de quadros respiratórios de frangos de corte do Rio Grande do Sul; Utilização de inteligência artificial (redes neurais artificiais) para classificar a resistência antimicrobiana de amostras de Escherichia coli isoladas de frango de corte; Utilização de inteligência artificial (redes neurais artificiais) para a classificação do comportamento bioquímico de amostras de Escherichia coli isoladas de frangos de corte; Use of artificial intelligence (artificial meural networks) to classify the pathogenicity of Escherichia coli isolates from broilers; Genes associated with pathogenicity of avian Escherichia coli (APEC) isolated from respiratory cases of poultry. Nos primeiro artigo observou-se uma multi-resistência a pelo menos duas das 14 drogas utilizadas. No segundo artigo citado, notou-se que dentre as amostras analisadas corretamente apresentaram uma porcentagem de 84% a 100% nas amostras intermediárias, 81% a 100% para as resistentes, 89% a 100% sensíveis. No terceiro trabalho, foi concluído que as redes feitas foram capazes de classificar corretamente as amostras com uma amplitude de 87,80% a 98,73%. Além disso, a sensibilidade e a especificidade das classificações obtidas variam de 59,32% a 99,47% e de 80,00% a 98,54%, respectivamente. No quarto artigo, seguindo a ordem descrita acima, as redes construídas que usaram 11 categorias dos índices de patogenicidade, apresentaram 54,27% de classificações corretas, no entanto quando foram usadas somente 3 categorias essa porcentagem subiu para 80,55%. Houve um aumento das classificações corretas para 83,96% quando as categorias foram apenas duas. No quinto artigo, foram usadas um total de 61 amostras de Escherichia coli, onde foram testadas a presença dos genes citados no início deste resumo, e houve uma presença de 73,8% do gene iss, 55,7% do tsh, 45,9% do iutA, 39,3% do felA, o papc apareceu em 24,3% das amostras, o cvaC em 23%, e por fim, o kpsll em 18%. Mais uma vez pode-se afirmar, que o uso das redes neurais artificiais cada mais, está servindo como uma ferramenta que dá um suporte científico para a tomada de decisão.This study was made using a data bank with samples of Escherichia coli, isolated from broilers. In the present thesis, 246 samples of the mentioned pathogenic bacteria, which were cited above, with all the characteristics used in recent academic works. For the classification of the samples, artificial intelligence was used, and a correlation between the taken variables was established: origin (cutaneous lesions, lesions of poultry with respiratory signals, litter of poultry house), motility of the samples, injuries (aerosaculitis, pericarditis, peritonitis, periepatitis, celullitis), PI, genes (cvaC, iss, iutA, falA, Kpsll, papC, tsh), 14 antimicrobials (Amikacyn, Amoxacillin and clavulanic acid, Ampicilin, Cefalexin, Cefuroxime, Ceftiofur, Ciprofloxacin, Clindamycin, Cotrimoxazole, Enrofloxacin, Gentamycin, Norfloxacin, Ofloxacin, Tetracyclin) and the biochemical profile (Adonitol, Ornithine, Arginine, Dulcitol, Salicin, Sucrose, Raffinose). In this thesis, 140 neural networks were constructed, from which the ones that presented the best correct classifications, and the ones that used the lesser number of variables were chosen. Five scientific articles were annexed. The articles were entitled in the following way: Antimicrobial resistance of samples of Escherichia coli from litter of poultry house, celullitis lesions, and lesions of poultry with respiratory signals in broilers of Rio Grande do Sul; The use of artificial intelligence (artificial neural networks) to classify the antimicrobial resistance isolated from samples of Escherichia coli in broilers; The use of artificial intelligence (artificial neural networks) to classify the biochemical profile of samples isolated from Escherichia coli in broilers; The use of artificial intelligence (artificial neural networks) to classify the pathogenicity of Escherichia coli isolates from broilers; Genes associated with pathogenicity of avian Escherichia coli (APEC) isolated from respiratory cases of poultry. In the first article a multi resistance at least to two of the 14 used drugs was observed. In the second article, it was noticed that 84% to 100% were intermediate, 81% to 100% were resistant, and 89% to 100% were sensible. In the third work, it was concluded that the neural networks were able to classify correctly with an amplitude from 87.80% to 98.73%. Moreover, the sensitivity and the specificity of the gotten classifications vary from 59.32% to 99.47% and from 80.00% to 98.54%, respectively. In the fourth article, following the described order above, the constructed neural networks, which used 11 categories of the pathogenicity indices, presented 54.27% of correct classifications, when just 3 categories were used, the correct classification went up to 80,55%. There was an increase in the correct classifications to 83.96% when the categories were only two. In the fifth paper, it was used a total of 61 samples of Escherichia coli, and tested the presence of the cited genes at the beginning of this summary, and the presence was 73.8% of the gene iss, 55.7% of tsh, 45.9% of iutA, 39.3% of felA, papc appeared in 24.3% of the samples, cvaC in 23%, and finally, kpsll in 18%. One more time, it can be affirmed that the use of artificial neural networks is serving as a tool to provide a scientific support for the decision making
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