Decomposing gender differences in temporary contracts

This study analyses gender differences in fixed term contracts in 19 European countries, using micro data from the European Social Survey. Our estimates show that temporary employment appears to be more feminized and that gender differences in temporary employment can arise from a female specific behaviour where young women often appear more concerned with atypical jobs. Moreover, the marital status affects negatively the probability of holding a fixed term contract where single men work more frequently than women in temporary employment while women often hold temporary contracts when they are married. Alternatively, the presence of kids is conversely connected with the probability of being in a fixed term contract, principally for men. Basing on Oaxaca and Blinder technique, decomposing gender difference in employment contracts allow us to better understand such differences regarding temporary work. The endowments reduce by approximately 13% the difference in the probability of being in fixed term contract for women. Conversely, the gender difference in unobservable characteristics is negative. Between the two groups, the decomposition of coefficients explains approximately 116% this difference. We find that, beyond the individual characteristics, controlling for the branch of industry allow only partially for explaining gender differences regarding the held contractual form. Other elements could be required to explain the gender differences such as labour market regulation which seems to perpetuate the other forms of gender inequality linked to education, homework sharing or even temporal flexibility

Decomposing gender differences in temporary contracts

This study analyses gender differences in fixed term contracts in 19 European countries, using micro data from the European Social Survey. Our estimates show that temporary employment appears to be more feminized and that gender differences in temporary employment can arise from a female specific behaviour where young women often appear more concerned with atypical jobs. Moreover, the marital status affects negatively the probability of holding a fixed term contract where single men work more frequently than women in temporary employment while women often hold temporary contracts when they are married. Alternatively, the presence of kids is conversely connected with the probability of being in a fixed term contract, principally for men. Basing on Oaxaca and Blinder technique, decomposing gender difference in employment contracts allow us to better understand such differences regarding temporary work. The endowments reduce by approximately 13% the difference in the probability of being in fixed term contract for women. Conversely, the gender difference in unobservable characteristics is negative. Between the two groups, the decomposition of coefficients explains approximately 116% this difference. We find that, beyond the individual characteristics, controlling for the branch of industry allow only partially for explaining gender differences regarding the held contractual form. Other elements could be required to explain the gender differences such as labour market regulation which seems to perpetuate the other forms of gender inequality linked to education, homework sharing or even temporal flexibility

Les femmes et le travail à temps partiel en Europe

This study provides an analysis of the determinants of female part-time employment in 18 European countries. The distinction between short and long part-time allowed us to highlight some differences. Female part-timers are often married mothers and hold less secure jobs within the public sector. In addition, long part-time seems to stand out by economic conditions more favorable in terms of security. Our decomposition of the working time suggests that the differences between long part-time and short part-time appear to be stronger than differences between full-time and short part-time and working conditions of both long part-time and full-time may justify these differences

Les préférences des consommateurs pour un écolabel. Le cas des produits de la mer en France

Une certification nationale reconnaissant la qualité écologique des produits de la mer (PDM) tarde à voir le jour en France. Annoncée dans la loi Grenelle I en 2009, le décret relatif à l'écolabel public des produits de la pêche maritime n'a été publié que le 27 janvier 2012 alors que les obtentions d'écolabels privés se multiplient. Dans cet article, les facteurs influençant la perception des consommateurs pour les PDM écolabellisés sont étudiés à partir d'une enquête menée auprès de plus de 900 consommateurs français en 2010. Les résultats montrent que la préférence pour des PDM écolabellisés est plus marquée parmi les jeunes. Les caractéristiques liées au processus de production et de commercialisation comme l'attention portée à l'origine géographique des PDM, à leur caractère sauvage ou aquacole, à la technique de pêche et au degré d'exploitation des ressources, favorisent la demande d'information environnementale des consommateurs

Les femmes et le travail à temps partiel en Europe

This study provides an analysis of the determinants of female part-time employment in 18 European countries. The distinction between short and long part-time allowed us to highlight some differences. Female part-timers are often married mothers and hold less secure jobs within the public sector. In addition, long part-time seems to stand out by economic conditions more favorable in terms of security. Our decomposition of the working time suggests that the differences between long part-time and short part-time appear to be stronger than differences between full-time and short part-time and working conditions of both long part-time and full-time may justify these differences

Consumer Preferences for Eco, Health and Fair Trade Labels. An Application to Seafood Product in France

How are consumer attitudes towards eco-labeled products affected by a profusion of labels? This article provides both theoretical and empirical insight into this issue. Assuming that consumers perceive a label both as a sign of quality and of a particular characteristic of a product, we deduce theoretical determinants for preferences for three types of label: a health label, an eco-label and a fair trade label. Using a French survey on seafood products, the estimation of a rank-ordered multinomial logit with random intercepts shows a certain proximity between the profiles of pro-eco-label and pro-fair trade label consumers, whereas pro-health label individuals have a more distinct profile: The two former are more likely to be young men mainly concerned with fishing conditions, whereas the latter are older married women with children who pay attention to the product form. We relate preferences for labels to degree of altruism, environmental consciousness and other socio-economic features.Environmental preferences ; contingent choice ; eco-label ; seafood.

The Declining Price Anomaly in Sequential Auctions with Asymmetric Bidders: The Case of Nephrops norvegicus in Lorient

The declining price anomaly for sequential sales of identical commodities challenges auction theory which predicts constant prices within a day. Among hypotheses explaining the phenomenon stands the dual value of goods including a risk premium in early transactions. We consider that asymmetric bidder groups and shortage periods may also affect the daily price pattern. This hypothesis is tested through various econometric models (OLS, MG, FE, LSDVC) on a fish market (Nephrops norvegicus sold alive in Lorient, France). The overall risk attitude is doubled in our case study with the presence of asymmetric buyer groups in the bidding process and their distinct marketing strategies. Our results show that one of the groups (supermarkets) bid more aggressively for a longer period of daily sales when they decide to target this species for discount selling campaigns. This strategy pushes them to outbid other competitors until they can obtain the required tonnage for their own retail shops, and such a strategy delays the time of price decline compared to other buyer groups. The declining price anomaly in sequential auctions with asymmetric bidders. Evidence from the Nephrops norvegicus market in France.Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, held July 11-15, 2016 at Aberdeen Exhibition and Conference Center (AECC), Aberdeen, Scotland, UK

The seafood ecolabeling experience in France: a new a new market for lemons?

As compared to other countries, France has been involved very lately in the discussion about fisheries ecolabelling. Reluctant to adopt the existing ecolabels, the professional organisations, the Ministry of food, agriculture and fisheries and the European Commission itself tend to create their own label guidelines to take into consideration other criteria than the mere ecological sustainability. In the meantime, some influential processors and retailing chains are involved in various initiatives covering a wide range of more or less credible emerging ecolabels. The ongoing process is therefore uncertain about the conventional standard(s) that may come out of the asymmetrical situation between the poorly informed consumers on the one hand and the current investment of the whole value chain for more or less consistent fisheries ecolabels on the other.First, a brief historical look at the various events surrounding the European and French dissemination of ecolabels is proposed in the present research, revealing the confusing emergence of a standard that could be socially accepted by the stake-holders. Secondly, from an overall survey dealing with the public image of the fishing industry in Europe (5000 interviews throughout Belgium, the Netherlands, France, Italy and Denmark), a probit model applied to the willingness of developing an ecolabel for seafood products is estimated, showing the existing gap between the social awareness of responsible fisheries requirements and the actual criteria governing the consumer behaviour when purchasing fish. Some implications for the development of ecolabeling in Europe are discussed

Investigating the use of privately-owned micromobility modes for commuting in four European countries

International audienceMicromobility modes such as scooters, e-scooters, skateboards, or hoverboards has recently emerged as part of the urban landscape. In this paper, we analyze the use of modes of micromobility for commuting. We distinguish between monomodality (commuters using one mode of micromobility only) and multimodality (commuters using micromobility as a complement or substitute to other modes of transport). We apply non-parametric ordered methods to a survey that was conducted in 2018 on mobility users in four European countries. The survey gathered 4,873 observations from commuters in France, Germany, Spain, and the United Kingdom (UK). Micromobility commuting is marginal in all four European countries. The sociodemographic characteristics of micromobility commuters are homogeneous and concern mainly male, young, and urban commuters. We find that travel habits account for a large share of the variability explained by the model. Germany has a low level of multimodality, whereas the UK practices complementarity-oriented multimodal commuting. Overall, our results bring new insights showing that micromobility is used as a (partial) substitute to urban transit systems for short distances and as a complement for longer commuting trips made by train. These emerging patterns of commuting require better modal integration between micromobility and public transport, and a more sophisticated design of transport infrastructures

Quelle démocratisation de l'enseignement secondaire en France face à l'expansion des scolarités ?

National audienceCet article part du constat d'une démocratisation scolaire en France durant les deux dernières décennies pour proposer un éclairage sur les déterminants individuels et familiaux des parcours scolaires menant au baccalauréat. Les résultats suggèrent que les aspirations familiales influencent positivement l'obtention du bac général. En outre, les mauvaises performances scolaires amènent les familles à accorder plus d'importance à la réussite dans l'enseignement supérieur pour accéder à l'emploi. Dès lors, les itinéraires scolaires peuvent être vus comme la résultante des interactions entre les structures institutionnelles et les arbitrages faits par les individus. Toutefois, les investissements familiaux contrecarrent peu la reproduction sociale des différentes trajectoires scolaires