The nature of intimacy: a qualitative study of five couples : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Psychology at Massey University

This study takes a qualitative approach to facilitate five couples describing their experiences of intimacy. Transcribed interviews were analysed for recurring themes and processes. The Waring Intimacy scale was also administered to participants. Athough intimacy is an important goal in contemporary society much is still to be understood about how it is achieved and maintained. Reis and Shaver (1988) have developed a process model of intimacy that describes a single interaction between two individuals and incorporates the properties of a relationship, thus recognising that intimacy is more than the sum of repeated interactions. The general validity of the model was confirmed by the experiences of the couples in this study. Differences were found between those with intimate relationships, who often behaved according to the model and those who reported their relationship as lacking in intimacy, who frequently omitted one or more steps of the model. The model was revised in the light of the data to incorporate such metacognitive factors as the effects of an individuals' expectations and beliefs on his or her motives, fears, needs and goals. Self disclosure was differentiated into direct or indirect, verbal or non-verbal; all of which may play a role in intimacy. The results show that intimacy is both a complex process and a subjective relational experience necessitating a relatively well defined sense of identity and high level communication skills. Analysis of themes and experiences from the interview data reflected the complexity of this construct more adequately than data from the Waring Intimacy Questionnaire

Three-generation mobility in the United States, 1850-1940: the role of maternal and paternal grandparents

This paper estimates intergenerational elasticities across three generations in the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, exploring how maternal and paternal grandfathers predict the economic status of their grandsons and granddaughters. We document that the relationship between the income of grandparents and grandchildren differs by gender. The socio-economic status of grandsons is more strongly associated with the status of paternal grandfathers than maternal grandfathers. The status of maternal grandfathers is more strongly correlated with the status of granddaughters than grandsons, while the opposite is true for paternal grandfathers. We argue that the findings can be rationalized by a model of gender-specific intergenerational transmission of traits and imperfect assortative mating.Accepted manuscrip

Evaluation of Target Date Funds

Target date funds are an emerging class of investment products, designed for retirement savings. The project considered methodologies for ranking such funds

Numerical investigation of the effects of pedestrian barriers on aeroelastic stability of a proposed footbridge

A numerical investigation into the aerodynamic characteristics and aeroelastic stability of a proposed footbridge across a motorway in the north of England has been undertaken. The longer than usual span, along with the unusual nature of the pedestrian barriers, indicated that the deck configuration was likely to be beyond the reliable limits of the British design code BD 49/01. In particular, the investigation focussed on the susceptibility of the bridge due to flutter, and to assess if the design wind speeds could be met satisfactorily. The calculations were performed using the discrete vortex method, DIVEX, developed at the Universities of Glasgow and Strathclyde. DIVEX has been successfully validated on a wide range of problems, including the aeroelastic response of bridge deck sections. The proposed deck configuration, which incorporated a pedestrian barrier comprised of angled flat plates, was found to be unstable at low wind speeds with the plates having a strong turning effect on the flow at the leading edge of the deck. DIVEX was used to assess a number of alternative design options, investigating the stability with respect to flutter for each configuration. Reducing the number of flat plates and their angle to the deck lessened the effect of the barrier on the overall aerodynamic characteristics and increased the stability of the bridge to an acceptable level, with the critical flutter speed in excess of the specified design speed

Infrared (2.08-14 micron) spectra of powered stony meteorites

Infrared biconical reflectance spectra of 60 powdered meteorite samples, representing 50 different stony meteorites, were measured as analogues of asteroidal regolith. Representative samples were measured in directional hemispherical reflectance to assure that Kirchhoff's Law can be used to predict relative emissivity from the reflectance spectra. These spectral data confirm that the O-H fundamental absorption band near 2.9 microns is an extremely sensitive indicator of incipient alteration, which often has taken place in powdered meteorite samples exposed only to water vapor in the air. Such non-carbonaceous samples typically contain less than 1 percent water by weight. Likewise, the C-H fundamental absorption bands near 3.4 and 3.5 microns are equally sensitive indicators of contamination with volatile hydrocarbons, which can also be absorbed from the air. The heavy, macromolecular hydrocarbons native to chondrites do not display such heavy bands, making detection of these bands in remote sensing of asteroids unlikely. Despite the spectral artifacts introduced by alteration and hydrocarbon contamination, powdered stony meteorites display a wide variety of real spectral features that can be used for their identification, including residual reststrahlen bands, absorption bands, and the Christiansen feature. Researchers found that the wavelengths of the peaks or troughs of each of these spectral features can be used independently to infer meteorite composition, but the best results are obtained when the entire spectral curve is used, or at least the portion of it encompassed by the 8 to 14 micron atmospheric window, in a digital search library

Gauge transformations in the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formalisms of generally covariant theories

We study spacetime diffeomorphisms in Hamiltonian and Lagrangian formalisms of generally covariant systems. We show that the gauge group for such a system is characterized by having generators which are projectable under the Legendre map. The gauge group is found to be much larger than the original group of spacetime diffeomorphisms, since its generators must depend on the lapse function and shift vector of the spacetime metric in a given coordinate patch. Our results are generalizations of earlier results by Salisbury and Sundermeyer. They arise in a natural way from using the requirement of equivalence between Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formulations of the system, and they are new in that the symmetries are realized on the full set of phase space variables. The generators are displayed explicitly and are applied to the relativistic string and to general relativity.Comment: 12 pages, no figures; REVTeX; uses multicol,fancyheadings,eqsecnum; to appear in Phys. Rev.

Some issues related to the practice of immunization

AbstractThis article reviews the basic principles of immunization, identifies the components of the practice of immunization, and points to some of the issues specific to that practice that will need to be taken into account as the vaccines of the future are coming close to availability. The purpose of immunization is to protect an individual from a specified infectious disease, from the earliest appropriate age, for as long as possible, using the fewest number of doses to achieve that immunity, and with the least possible risk from the procedure. For certain diseases, for example tetanus, the benefit of immunization is only to the vaccine recipient. In the case of vaccines such as polio vaccine, there is a wider purpose. As well as protecting immunized individuals, there can be community benefit to individuals not immunized. When sufficiently high coverage is reached, transmission is interrupted and individuals not immunized are further protected. For routine immunization against any vaccine-preventable disease, there needs to be the provision of routinely available processes that seek to promote the highest possible coverage in the target population; allow for the measurement of that achievement in an accurate and timely way; detect any possible adverse effects of the immunization; and sensitively and rapidly provide information on the target diseases. As the availability of existing resources for health programs comes under increasing scrutiny, countries in all stages in development will need to consider the most cost-effective use of resources, especially as countries are encouraged to become self-sufficient for financing their immunization programs. Finding the necessary resources for present vaccines, let alone the vaccines of the future, may be a considerable challenge