Histogenesis of rumen in one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius)

The aim of this study was to follow several sequence histological changes that occur during the histogenesis of the rumen in one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). Histogenesis study was carried out on 66 fetuses of camel from 50th day of gestation until birth (390 days), according to the most relevant histo-differentiation characteristics of the rumen in fetuses, these were divided into four groups: group I (5-24 cm crown-rump length (C-RL); 50-140 days); group II (24-30 cm C-RL; 140-160 days); group III (30-60 cm C-RL; 160-250 days); group IV (60-108 cm C-RL; 250-390 days). At 50 days, the rumen consisted of four layers: the epithelial layer, propria-submucosa, tunica muscularis and serosa. The epithelium glandular region was pseudostratified and in non-glandular region was stratified. The muscularis mucosa was observed incompletely from 140 days between lamina propria and submucosa in glandular region of the rumen to the birth day. The primary lymphatic nodules appeared in lamina propria of glandular region of the rumen at 160 days of gestation. The epithelium of the glandular region in rumen was formed by a simple columnar layer at 250 days. In all groups, the tunica muscularis layer of rumen was increased with ruminal development, gradually. The non-glandular region of rumen was formed by a stratified epithelium and number of these cells increased with ruminal development. The lymphatic nodules and muscularis mucosa in non-glandular region did not observe in all groups. The study observations revealed that non-glandular region of the rumen in the fetuses of camel are less precocious than the rumen of the domestic ruminants

Effect of the Various Solvents on the In Vitro Permeability of Vitamin B12 through Excised Rat Skin

Purpose: To investigate the effect of different solvents on the in vitro skin permeability of vitamin B12.Method: Vitamin B12 (B12) permeability experiments through rat skin pretreated with various solvents namely, propylene glycol, oleoyl macrogol-6-glycerides, propylene glycol monocaprylate and oleic acid, were performed in Franz diffusion cells and compared with hydrated rat skin as control. The permeability parameters evaluated include steady-state flux (Jss), lag time (Tlag), permeability coefficient (Kp) and diffusion coefficient (D). The solvents’ permeability enhancement mechanisms were investigated by comparing of changes in peak position and their intensities of assymmetric (Asy) and symmetric (Sym) C-H stretching, and C=O stretching absorbance using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), as well as by comparing mean transition temperature (Tm) and their enthalpies (ΔH) using differential scanning calorimetery (DSC).Results: All the solvents significantly decreased diffusion coefficient (p < 0.05), with capryol showing the greatest enhancement ratio (ERD) based on diffusion coefficient followed by labrafil, oleic acid and propylene glycol. Flux enhancement ratio (ERflux) for all the solvents was < ERD. The solubility of B12 in stratum corneum was the rate-limiting step in partitioning. All solvents with different lipophilic properties decreased drug solubility in the stratum corneum and hence lowered partitioning and flux. FTIR and DSC results showed lipid fluidization and extraction by labrafil and capryol, disruption of lipid structure and fluidization by oleic acid, and interaction with stratum corneum keratin by propylene glycol.Conclusion: Water is a suitable topical vehicle for B12 as it can increase partitioning and diffusion through rat skin.Keywords: Percutaneous absorption, Enhancer, Vitamin B12, Skin permeation, Diffusion coefficient, Flux, Enthalp

Circulating levels of monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (M-MDSC) and CXCL-8 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)

BACKGROUND: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are categorized as granulocytic (G-MDSCs) and monocytic (M-MDSCs) and their expansion play a role in cancer progression. Recruitment to the cancer site depends upon the presence of a chemoattractant. We aimed to investigate the presence of MDSC subtypes and of interleukin-8 (CXCL-8) in the peripheral blood in lung cancer subtypes including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Peripheral blood samples of 26 NSCLC patients, 18 SCLC patients, and 8 healthy control donors (HDs) were harvested and the surface expression of CD14, CD15, CD11b, and HLA-DR on MDSCs was measured using flow cytometry. The level of serum CXCL8 was measured by the ELISA method. RESULTS: The frequency of circulating M-MDSCs was significantly higher in patients with NSCLC than in SCLC and HDs. In contrast, there was no statistical difference concerning the frequency of circulating G-MDSCs between the three groups. The concentration of CXCL-8 was significantly higher in the NSCLC and SCLC patients than in HD control with no significant difference between NSCLC and SCLC groups. There was no correlation between serum CXCL8 and G-MDSC levels. CONCLUSION: Our data confirm a higher frequency of circulating M-MDSCs, but not G-MDSCs, in the blood of those suffering from NSCLC but not for SCLC cases. Measuring MDSC subtypes and serum chemotactic factors may have implications for the differential diagnosis of NSCLC

Effects of Continuous Care Model on Blood Pressure in Patients with Type II Diabetes

Introduction: One of the main problems encountered by type II diabetes patients is high Blood Pressure (BP). Continuous care is the standard process of making effective, mutual, and continuous relationships between patients and nurses as healthcare providers. Continuous Care Model (CCM) can help the nurses in identifying needs, problems, and sensitisations of the patients and encourage them to maintain and enhance their health status. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effects of CCM on the BP trends of patients with type II diabetes in llam city. Materials and Methods: This quasi - experimental research was conducted in 80 patients with type II diabetes. Subjects were selected using cluster sampling method and then were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. Interventions based on the CCM were in the form of training sessions that were conducted for three weeks. Consequently, continuous care consultations, control, and assessment were conducted for nine weeks. A questionnaire on demographic characteristics and a BP recording device was used to collect the data obtained before intervention and 1-3 months after intervention. Then, descriptive and inferential tests (ANOVA, repeated measures, chi-square) were used for data analysis. Results: Findings revealed that the mean BP (measured in mmHg) scores of the CCM (systolic, 133.22 +/- 3.98; diastolic, 86.00 +/- 2.96) and control groups (systolic, 133.65 +/- 2.10; diastolic 84.62 +/- 2.72) before intervention were not significant (p>0.05); however, after intervention, a significant difference was observed between the mean BP (measured in mmHg) scores of the CCM (systolic, 127.52 +/- 3.13; diastolic, 80.75 +/- 1.97) and control groups (systolic, 133.65 +/- 2.25; diastolic, 83.87 +/- 2.12) (p<0.05). Conclusion: CCM is suggested to be effective in managing the BP and can be applied to improve the health behaviour in patients with type II diabetes

Peningkatan Aktivitas Pembelajaran IPS Menggunakan Model Kooperatif Tipe Scramble Mata Pelajaran IPS Di SD

The title of this research is to enhancement of students' learning activities using the Cooperative Learning Type Scramble. The method used in this research is descriptive method, kind of this research is classroom action research (Classroom Action Research) and the nature of the research is collaborative. Data collection technique used is the technique of direct observation. This study was conducted during the third cycle with the results obtained: 1) The ability of teachers to plan cooperative learning model scramble start of the first cycle, namely, 3.64, 3.75 second cycle, and the cycle III 3.83. 2) The ability of teachers to implement cooperative learning type scramble start of the first cycle ie, 3:16, 3:51 second cycle, up to the third cycle with an average of 3.66. 3) Student learning activities using the cooperative learning type scramble from the first cycle is 51.91%, 74.28% second cycle and the third cycle 86.18%. thus research using the cooperative learning type scramble in IPS learning can improve students' learning activities of fourth grade elementary school 66 Pontianak City and can improve the ability of teachers in the IPS process learning

Short-term Effects of Transcranial Near-Infrared Photobiomodulation on Motor Performance in Healthy Human Subjects: An Experimental Single-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial

Introduction: Transcranial near-infrared photobiomodulation (NIR-PBM) is a new noninvasive procedure which transcranially applies a near-infrared wavelength to the scalp with a laser or a light-emitting diode (LED) source. Improvement in the neurological or psychological symptoms has been reported following light irradiation. However, to our knowledge, there is no study to investigate the effects of transcranial NIR-PBM on motor performance directly. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the short-term effects of transcranial NIR-PBM on motor performance in healthy human subjects.Methods: In this experimental single-blind randomized clinical trial study, 56 right-handed healthy participants, whose ages ranged from 18 to 30, were randomly assigned to (1) Real transcranial NIR-PBMC3 group (n=14), (2) Sham transcranial NIR-PBMC3 group (n=14), (3) Real transcranial NIR-PBMC4 group (n=14), and (4) Sham transcranial NIR-PBMC4 group (n=14). We applied the 808 nm laser with irradiation energy density of 60 J/cm2 and power density of 200 mw/cm2 to the C3 or C4 points of the scalp. The number of finger taps as an indicator of motor performance was assessed by the finger-tapping test (FTT) before and after irradiation of transcranial NIR-PBM on the corresponding points of the scalp for 5 minutes.Results: The results showed that the number of finger taps in both right and left hands following the use of transcranial NIR-PBM in the real transcranial NIR-PBMC3 group significantly increased (P &lt; 0.05).Conclusion: We concluded that using transcranial NIR-PBM with a laser source on C3 point of the motor cortex in right-handed healthy people can increase the number of finger taps in both hands as an indicator of motor performance improvement

Exploiting thermally-reversible covalent bonds for the controlled release of microencapsulated isocyanate crosslinkers

The paper reports the successful synthesis of microcapsules that incorporate thermally-reversible Diels-Alder or oxime-urethane bonds within the polymer of the microcapsule shell using an interfacial polymerisation technique. The mechanical strength of these microcapsules was found to be dependent on the structure of the thermally-reversible functionality, thus allowing for the design of strong microcapsules that demonstrated excellent stability in one-pot PU formulations. Release of the encapsulated isocyanate crosslinkers using a thermal stimulus demonstrated the potential of this technology for use in the controlled polymerisation of one-pot PU systems

A 3D printed drug delivery implant formed from a dynamic supramolecular polyurethane formulation

Using a novel molecular design approach, we have prepared a thermo-responsive supramolecular polyurethane as a matrix material for use in drug eluting implants. The dynamic supramolecular polyurethane (SPU) is able to self-assemble through hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking interactions, resulting in an addressable polymer network with a relatively low processing temperature. The mechanical properties of the SPU demonstrated the material was self-supporting, stiff, yet flexible thus making it suitable for hot-melt extrusion processing, inclusive of related 3D printing approaches. Cell-based toxicity assays revealed the SPU to be non-toxic and therefore a viable candidate as a biocompatible polymer for implant applications. To this end, the SPU was formulated with paracetamol (16 %w/w) and 4 wt% or 8 wt% poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as an excipient and hot melt extruded at 100 °C to afford a 3D printed prototype implant to explore the extended drug release required for an implant and the potential manipulation of the release profile. Furthermore, rheological, infra-red spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy studies revealed the chemical and physical properties and compatibility of the formulation components. Successful release of paracetamol was achieved from in vitro dissolution studies and it was predicted that the drug would be released over a period of up to 8.5 months with hydrophilic PEG being able to influence the release rate. This extended release time is consistent with applications of this novel dynamic polymer as a drug eluting implant matrix