Behaviours of natural organic matter in membrane filtration for surface water treatment : a review

Membrane application in surface water treatment provides many advantages over conventional treatment. However, this effort is hampered by the fouling issue, which restricts its widespread application due to increases in hydraulic resistances, operational and maintenance costs, deterioration of productivity and frequency of membrane regeneration problems. This paper discusses natural organic matter (NOM) and its components as the major membrane foulants that occur during the water filtration process, possible fouling mechanisms relating to reversible and irreversible of NOM fouling, current techniques used to characterize fouling mechanisms and methods to control fouling. Feed properties, membrane characteristics, operational conditions and solution chemistry were also found to strongly influence the nature and extent of NOM fouling. Findings of such studies are highlighted. The understanding of the combined roles of controlling factors and the methods used is very important in order to choose and optimize the best technique and conditions during surface water treatment. The future potential of membrane application for NOM removal is also discussed

CAUSALITY AND DYNAMICS OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND OUTPUT: EVIDENCE FROM NON-OECD ASIAN COUNTRIES

This article examines the short-run and long-run causal relationship between energy consumption and output in six non-OECD Asian developing countries. Standard time series econometrics is used for this purpose. Based on cointegration and vector error correction modeling, the empirical result shows a bi-directional causality between energy consumption and income in Malaysia, while a unidirectional causality from output to energy consumption in China and Thailand and energy consumption to output in India and Pakistan. Bangladesh remains as an energy neutral economy confirming the fact that it is one of the lowest energy consuming countries in Asia. Both the generalized variance decompositions and the impulse response functions confirm the direction of causality in these countries. These findings have important policy implications for concerned countries. Countries like China and Thailand may contribute to the fight against global warming directly implementing energy conservation measures whereas India and Pakistan may focus on technological developments and mitigation policies. For Malaysia, a balanced combination of alternative policies seems to be appropriate.Energy Conservation, Cointegration, Error Correction Model, Generalized Variance Decompositions, Generalized Impulse Response Functions

Relationship Between Child Survival and Malaria Transmission: An Analysis of the Malaria Transmission Intensity and Mortality Burden Across Africa (MTIMBA) Project Data in Rufiji Demographic Surveillance System, Tanzania.

The precise nature of the relationship between malaria mortality and levels of transmission is unclear. Due to methodological limitations, earlier efforts to assess the linkage have lead to inconclusive results. The malaria transmission intensity and mortality burden across Africa (MTIMBA) project initiated by the INDEPTH Network collected longitudinally entomological data within a number of sites in sub-Saharan Africa to study this relationship. This work linked the MTIMBA entomology database with the routinely collected vital events within the Rufiji Demographic Surveillance System to analyse the transmission-mortality relation in the region. Bayesian Bernoulli spatio-temporal Cox proportional hazards models with village clustering, adjusted for age and insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), were fitted to assess the relation between mortality and malaria transmission measured by entomology inoculation rate (EIR). EIR was predicted at household locations using transmission models and it was incorporated in the model as a covariate with measure of uncertainty. Effects of covariates estimated by the model are reported as hazard ratios (HR) with 95% Bayesian confidence interval (BCI) and spatial and temporal parameters are presented. Separate analysis was carried out for neonates, infants and children 1-4 years of age. No significant relation between all-cause mortality and intensity of malaria transmission was indicated at any age in childhood. However, a strong age effect was shown. Comparing effects of ITN and EIR on mortality at different age categories, a decrease in protective efficacy of ITN was observed (i.e. neonates: HR = 0.65; 95% BCI: 0.39-1.05; infants: HR = 0.72; 95% BCI:0.48-1.07; children 1-4 years: HR = 0.88; 95% BCI: 0.62-1.23) and reduction on the effect of malaria transmission exposure was detected (i.e. neonates: HR = 1.15; 95% BCI:0.95-1.36; infants: HR = 1.13; 95% BCI:0.98-1.25; children 1-4 years: HR = 1.04; 95% BCI:0.89-1.18). A very strong spatial correlation was also observed. These results imply that assessing the malaria transmission-mortality relation involves more than the knowledge on the performance of interventions and control measures. This relation depends on the levels of malaria endemicity and transmission intensity, which varies significantly between different settings. Thus, sub-regions analyses are necessary to validate and assess reproducibility of findings

Trends of productivity of water in rain-fed agriculture

Rain-fed farmingProductivityCrop productionWater requirementsEvapotranspiration

Trends of productivity of water in rain-fed agriculture: historical perspective

Rain-fed farmingProductivityCrop productionWater requirementsEvapotranspiration

Productivity of water and economic benefit associated with deficit irrigation scheduling in maize

Water deficitIrrigation schedulingMaizeEvapotranspirationCrop yieldEconomic aspects

Productivity of water and economic benefit associated with deficit irrigation scheduling in maize

Water deficitIrrigation schedulingMaizeSoil moisturePlant growthCrop yield

Pengendalian Kualitas dengan Metode Acceptance Sampling (Studi Kasus: AMDK ADENI Pamekasan)

PAMDK Adeni merupakan Perusahaan yang memproduksi air minum dalam kemasan. Pada Perusahaan PAMDK Adeni belum ada inspeksi khusus setelah produk diproses. Namun, inspeksi maasih dilakukan oleh karyawan yang bertugas untuk mengemas AMDK tersebut. Sehingga inspeksi akan kurang maksimal dan terjadi kemungkian AMDK yang tidak memenuhi standar produksi akan ikut dikemas. Oleh karena itu, maka perlu diadakan quality control dengan metode Acceptance Sampling. Metode Acceptance Sampling merupakan metode penentuan penerimaan atau penolakan lot yang diamati yakni menggunakan metode MIL STD 105 D (tabel). Kriteria yang diteliti adalah tampilan fisik dari produk dan data yang digunakan adalah data atribut. Adapun yang perlu diperhatikan dalam melakukan penelitian ini yaitu penentuan lot yang ditarik, jumlah populasi dalam lot (N), jumlah sampel yang ditarik (n) dan jumlah bilangan penerimaan (c) dalam satu lot, ehingga dari itu bisa ditarik kesimpulan. Dalam penelitian ini, 5 lot yang diteliti memiliki nilai N=48, n=8 dan c=1. Dari hasil penelitian dengan tingkat AQL 4 % dan nilai d=0, maka lot-lot yang diperiksa dapat disimpulkan diterima dan layak dipasarkan ke konsumen

Hubungan Tingkat Pengetahuan Ibu Tentang Oral Hygiene (Kebersihan Mulut) dengan Kejadian Stomatitis pada Bayi

ABSTRA