Discusión del artículo: Situación actual y perspectivas futuras de la reutilización de aguas residuales como una fuente de recursos hidráulicos

[ES] El artículo indicado es una revisión excelente del tema de la reutilización, pero creemos que determinados conceptos deberían aclararse ligeramente y actualizarse, puesto que en la literatura especializada figuran de otra forma.Salgot, M.; Folch, M. (1997). Discusión del artículo: Situación actual y perspectivas futuras de la reutilización de aguas residuales como una fuente de recursos hidráulicos. Ingeniería del Agua. 4(2):65-66. https://doi.org/10.4995/ia.1997.2724SWORD656642O.M.S. (1989) Informe de un grupo científíco: Directrices sanitarias sobre el uso de aguas residuales en agricultura y acuicultura. Serie Informes Técnicos 778. Ginebra.Junta de Andalucía. Consejería de Sanidad. Fundación Empresa/Universidad de Granada, (1994) Reutilización de aguas residuales: criterios para la evaluación sanitaria de proyectos de reutilización directa de aguas residuales urbanas depuradas. Granada.Generalitat de Catalunya, Departament de Sanitat i Seguretat Social. Direcció General de Salut Pública, (1994) Prevención del riesgo sanitario derivado de la reutilización de aguas residuales depuradas como aguas de riego/Guía para el diseño y el control sanitario de los sistemas de reutilización de aguas residuales. Barcelona.Asano, T. and D. Levine (1995) Wastewater reclamation, recycling and reuse Past, present and future. En 2nd International Symposium on Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse, Preprint Book 1, p. 3-17. A. Angelakis et al, eds. Iraklio, Crete, Greece, October (1995)Haarhoff, J. and B. van der Merwe (1995) 25 years of wastewater reclamation in Windhoek, Namibia.En 2nd International Symposium on Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse, Preprint Book 1, p. 29-40. A. Angelakis et al, eds. Iraklio, Crete, Greece, October (1995)Mujeriego, R. L. Sala, M. Carbó, J. Turet. (1995) Agronomic and public health assessment of reclaimed water quality for landscape irrigation. En 2nd International Symposium on Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse, Preprint Book 2, p. 745-754. A. Angelakis et al, eds. Iraklio, Crete, Greece, October 1995.Mujeriego, R. y L1. Sala (eds.). (1994) Jornadas Técnicas: Biosólidos y aguas residuales como recursos. Sant Feliu de Guíxols, Gerona, 1994. UPC/ Consorci de la Costa Brava, Barcelona-Giron

Aguas continentales. Gestión de recursos hídricos, tratamiento y calidad del agua

Páginas: 276, Formato: 24x17En España tenemos problemas graves de escasez de agua y es evidente que van a empeorar. Tenemos también problemas graves derivados de la calidad del agua. Es evidente, pues, que no se puede evitar un debate serio y riguroso sobre el tema. Este libro de la serie Informes, del CSIC, pretende contribuir a dicho debate dando una visión global sobre la problemática de la disponibilidad y calidad del agua y desarrollando con rigor científico toda una serie de temas en relación a las aguas continentales, como los recursos hídricos, la calidad ecológica, química y microbiológica de las aguas continentales así como los aspectos relacionados con la reutilización y tratamiento de aguas residuales. España, por sus características especificas y como la mayoría de países del sur de Europa, esta obligada casi por naturaleza a asegurar que haya un alto porcentaje de reutilización de las aguas, así como a que exista un estricto programa de control y seguimiento medioambiental y sanitario de estas aguas reutilizadas.Peer reviewe

Risk assessment in wastewater recycling and reuse

Wastewater recycling and reuse guidelines and/or regulations have been traditionally and exclusively based on the determination of bacterial indicators and nematode eggs presence. Nevertheless, it has been demonstrated that: (a) virus presence is not well established by bacterial indicators, (b) the viability of nematode eggs is not determined, (c) parasites' presence is not analysed, (d) behaviour of all pathogens once in the recycled water distribution systems and points of use is not known, (e) behaviour of pathogens in the environment is also not known, and (f) chemical risk is not assessed. Additionally, it is to consider that risk associated with reuse is directly related to the final contact host-pathogen, or to chemicals ingestion and contact with the human body. Consequently, future developments of laws, rules and regulations for wastewater recycling and reuse need to include: (a) more detailed biological and chemical analysis of recycled water and environment, (b) the development of tools for determining environmental impact of recycled water and by-products of recycling, (c) the establishment of tools guaranteeing a reduction of the host-pathogen contact, and (d) risk assessment and management mechanisms. Suggestions and recommendations are made on how to include all this items in the future legislative developments for wastewater recycling and reuse.</jats:p

Facing water shortage in a Mediterranean tourist area: seawater desalination or water reuse?

An integrated technical-economic modelling framework was developed to help planning and managing of water resources in a Mediterranean tourist area, Palma on Majorca island (Spain). Due to high water demand, groundwater resources are depleted and new water resources should be developed. Seawater desalination has become an important solution to water shortage, especially in the summer tourist season. Meanwhile, reclaimed water has been applied for agricultural and landscape irrigation. With regard to the treated wastewater not being effectively reused, further water reuse scenarios are envisaged in order to meet new water demand, restore over-exploited aquifers and reduce expensive seawater desalination. Three types of models were established and coupled: (i) hydrological models; (ii) water demand and/or need model; (iii) technical-economic model. In addition, a multi-criteria analysis completed the technical-economic modelling. The simulated water reuse scenarios are not alternative but complementary. They provide the possibilities for total reuse of wastewater in the Palma area. Compared with seawater desalination, water reuse is a cost-effective solution to address water scarcity issues in the Palma area. Using tertiary effluent for landscape irrigation allows over-exploited aquifers to recover. It is very attractive in terms of economic benefits and feasible with respect to technical and social aspects. Further water reuse for extending agricultural irrigation can greatly reduce seawater desalination but acquiring the farmers' agreement to give up pumping groundwater for irrigation would meet some difficulties. Water recharge would help to totally reuse wastewater but uncertainties related to public perception and the attitude or regulatory board and local authorities need dealing with. Because water reuse requires a long-term managing viewpoint in order to prepare and demonstrate its feasibility and security, seawater desalination was adopted as an emergency solution to meet peak demands during the tourist season and in case of drought.</jats:p

Behaviour of the fecal pollution indicators in a soil irrigated with treated wastewater under onsurface and subsurface drip irrigation

A critical objective for any wastewater reuse programme is to minimise health and environmental hazard. When applying wastewater to soil–plant systems, it is to be noted that the passage of water through the soil considerably reduces the number of microorganisms carried by the reclaimed wastewater. Factors that affect survival include number and type of microorganisms, soil organic matter content, temperature, moisture, pH, rainfall, sunlight, protection provided by foliage and antagonism by soil microflora. The purpose of this work was to examine the behaviour of fecal pollution indicators in a soil irrigated with treated wastewater under onsurface and subsurface drip irrigation. The experiment was conducted in a vineyard located at a commercial farm near the City of Arad (Israel). Wastewater and soil samples were monitored during the irrigation period and examined for fecal coliforms, somatic and F+ coliphages and helminth eggs. Physico-chemical parameters were controlled in order to determine their relationship with removal of microorganisms. The results showed high reduction of the concentration of microorganisms when wastewater moves through the soil; and a good correlation between the reduction of fecal pollution indicators and moisture content, organic matter concentration and pH. The application of secondary treated domestic wastewater in this specific soil and under these irrigation systems affect the survival of microorganisms, thus reducing the health and environmental risk.</jats:p