Kalman Filter of Dynamic Hierarchical Model

In a specific way, the dynamic hierarchical model has been presented alongside with the derivation of the final formula of the Kalman filter. The filtering coefficient used along with the equations necessary for the filtering process has also been determined. Most of the related works were studied which gave rise to the problem statement of filtering problems placed under the case of st = . Most of the basic concepts of the dynamic hierarchical linear model were also displayed based on some previous works. A mathematical formula was also formulated and derived to calculate the dynamic hierarchical Kalman filter model, which results in a repetitive measure to estimate the model parameters. The proposed derived formula reduces the error associated with the model and achieves a successful optimal estimation of the parameters. This proves that the Kalman coefficient is the best filtering for any normal probability distribution and provides the least variance among the estimates. This study also provides an illustrative example of the model with the filtering process concerned. It was further illustrated that the findings can be used in practical applications, which reveals the fields that can be investigated in this area

Optimization of Cutting Parameters for Surfaces Roughness of Medium Carbon Steel C-45 in CNC Turning Machining by Using Taguchi Method

الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو الحصول على افضل متغيرات الة الخراطة الرقمية (CNC) و التي تعطى انعم نهاية لقطع مصنوعة من الصلب المتوسط الكربوني باستخدام عدة قطع كربيديه لديها مقاومة عالية لتأكل و الاحتكاك في وجود سوائل التبريد, وذلك لان نعومة السطح النهائية هي من أهم الخصائص المطلوبة للمنتج النهائي. اعتمادا على دراسات أجريت حديثا فى العالم وجد ان عملية  الخراطة الصلدة  لها اكثر فائدة مقارنة بعملية التجليخ, نذكر منها نقص التكلفة في الوقت المستهلك في خراطة الاجزاء, فى هذه الدراسة, تأثير خشونة السطح على مقاومة الاحتكاك للخراطة الصلدة النهأية للمعدن المتوسط الكربون عمليا وتحليليا وكذلك البنية المجهرية تم التحقق منها.    وللحصول على أفضل نهاية سطح تم استخـدام  تصميم تاقوتشي (Taguchi method) لأفضل  خراطة عملية معتمدا على تصميم المضروب الكلى لتحديد ثلاثة متغيرات مختلفة و مستويات باستخدام المصفوفات الثمانية, و تسع تجارب  تم  اجرائهاعمليا.  تم اختيار ثلاث متغيرات وهى (معدل التغذية، سرعة القطع، عمق القطـع )  كانت مهمة, تم اختبار متغيرات القطع على النحو التالي: معدل التغذية (0.075, 0.10, 0.125 مم/لفة) سرعة القطع (166.24, 180.70,  197.32 ملم/دقيقة ) عمق القطع (2.0  ,2.5 , 3.0مم ) هذه المتغيرات اختيرت كما هو مطلوب من شركة ساندفك لتصنيع العدة(SANDVIC Tool Manufacturing Company  ). عمليات الخراطة العملية التي انجزت  تم قياس خشونة السطح للقطع التي دُرست باستخـدام (MINITAB Statistical Software) و ذلك لحساب مؤشر (S/N) وكذلك تحليل التباين (ANOVA)، حيث تم الحصول على أفضل مستويات لأفضل متغيرات قطع و مدى تأثيرهـا على خشونة  السطح , وكذلك متغيرات تجربة خشونة السطح كانت بمعدل تغدية (0.075 مم/لفة) وسرعة القطع (180.70ملم/دقيقة) وبعمق قطع (3.0 مم) و هذه تم الحصول عليها فى التجربة رقم خمسة (5).  لتأكيد التجربة والحصول على المستوى الامثل لعملية التغيرات و التى اجريت لتحديد تـأثير كفاءة طريقة تاقوشى كأداة لقياس خشونة السطح.The objective of this study is to optimize the Computer Numerical Control machine (CNC) turning parameters that gives the fine surface finish for the parts that made of medium carbon steel C45 using carbide cutting tool (coated insert cemented carbide) which have high resistance of deflection, wear and fraction on CNC turning operation with coolant. The surface finish quality is one of the most specified requirements in the machining process. To obtain the optimal surface finish, the Taguchi method used for optimization of the turning experiments based on a full factorial design, to determine three different parameters and levels by using orthogonal arrays, 9 experiments were obtained. Choice of three parameters (feed rate, cutting speed and depth of cut) were important, the cutting parameters were selected as follow: Feed rate (0.075, 0.100, 0.125mm), cutting speed (166.24, 180.70, 197.32 mm/min), depth of cut (0.5, 0.75, 1.0 mm) these parameters were chosen according to SANDVIC Tool Manufacturing Company. The series of turning experiments were performed to measure the surface roughness. The MINITAB Statistical Software was used to calculate the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N), and analysis of the variance (ANOVA), the best optimal levels and the effect of the process parameters on surface roughness were obtained. The parameters for experiment surface roughness were the feed (0.075mm/rev), cutting speed (180.70 mm/min), depth of cut (3.0mm) and that conducted in experiment number five (5). A conformation of experiment to obtained optimal levels of process parameters was carried out in order to demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the employed Taguchi method as a tool to measure surface roughness. &nbsp

INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND TIME OF CASE HARDENING ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND MICROSTRUCTURE OF LOW CARBON STEEL (AISI 1020)

The main objective of this paper is experimental study of pack carburizing of carbon steels (AISI 1020) by using two parameters (holding time and carburizing temperature). This study was conducted by using electrical furnace. This process is carried out at temperatures of 950°C for durations time 90 minutes. From the experiment, the surface hardness and thickness of carbon layer was different according to the parameters used. The quenching medium that uses in this experiment is water, oil, sea water and air. For carburizing temperature at 950°C, the highest of surface hardness value for air is 128 HV that carburized for 90 minutes, the highest of surface hardness value for water is 224 HV that carburized for 90 minutes. For carburizing temperature of 950°C, the highest of surface hardness value for sea water is 166.9 HV that carburized for 90 minutes and for carburizing temperature at 950°C which is the highest of surface hardness value for oil is 126 HV. The thickness of carbon layer was between 40μm to 120μm. The result indicates the carburizing process accelerates the diffusion of carbon atoms into the surface, thus increasing the thickness of carburized layer as well as the surface hardness

Variation in gas chromatography (GC) analysis in setting up laboratory protocols for waste to energy novel fixed bed reactor setups

Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) has been applied in various analytical chemistry works. However, to fine tune a system that can serve the purposes of pyrolysis oil identification has proven to be a laborious effort, especially when considering the fact that no standard protocol exists for such analysis. In addition, obtained products were yielded from a newly commissioned unit with a unique and novel design. In this study, a US patent office claimed reactor [SULTAN-1, Pyrolysis Reactor System for the Conversion and Analysis of Organic Solid Waste, Patent application number: 15,487,351] that degrades polyolefinc virgin and waste materials to obtain petroleum refinery and petrochemical feedstock, has been commissioned. The reactor produces three distinct physical states of matter products accumulated as testing specimens, i.e. solids, gaseous and oil. The samples analysed in this work were of the gas and oil produced by pyrolysis of end of life tyre (ELTs) shavings that required to have a special recipe to work with in the laboratory. Various MS cords were utilised and experimental setups to fine tune the process, and special emphasis was given on the gas samples variation in this communication. To reach the desired analysis results with high repeatability, a plethora of experiences of lab personnel and laboratory-based experimental work was accumulated. Laboratory protocols were also setup for this work. These will be detailed along the process execution which yielded a standard laboratory best practice analytical method as part of the State of Kuwait newly initiated Government Initiative project

Market Integration Shape Organic Farmers’ Organisation

Increasing consumption of organic products in globalised food chains will require the involvement of thousands more smallholder farmers in many regions of the world. A study of Egypt, China and Uganda identified the three key factors of property rights regimes, cultural differences and social organisation as determents of the supply chain organization and farmers’ degree of direct integration in the export markets. Patterns are emerging where smallholder farmers are being socially and economically linked to larger farmers who may do some processing before the raw materials are handed over to the contracting company. Where transactions costs are high, local communities may develop and contract out the land directly to exporting companies who farm using employees. Four organisational patterns are identified which each leads to different types of livelihood benefits for the producers; preliminary results indicate that income and a reliable market access is the dominant benefits

Horizontal Review on Video Surveillance for Smart Cities: Edge Devices, Applications, Datasets, and Future Trends

The automation strategy of today’s smart cities relies on large IoT (internet of Things) systems that collect big data analytics to gain insights. Although there have been recent reviews in this field, there is a remarkable gap that addresses four sides of the problem. Namely, the application of video surveillance in smart cities, algorithms, datasets, and embedded systems. In this paper, we discuss the latest datasets used, the algorithms used, and the recent advances in embedded systems to form edge vision computing are introduced. Moreover, future trends and challenges are addressed

Disaster health education framework for short and intermediate training in Saudi Arabia: A scoping review

BackgroundSaudi Arabia has made extensive efforts to manage disasters using unique national approaches; however, challenges and obstacles concerning disaster health handling persist. The nation has a reactive strategy to disaster management with a need for increased involvement of health professionals in disaster management and improvement of healthcare facilities emergency preparedness including competency-based education training.ObjectiveA comprehensive and consistent approach of disaster education programs for short and intermediate training of health professionals involved in disaster responses in Saudi Arabia is still not evident. Therefore, it is vital to explore and map the current state of the disaster education framework in Saudi Arabia.MethodsThe Joanna Briggs Institute approach for scoping reviews was used to assess research articles and preprints between January 2000 and September 2021 from Saudi Digital Library; PubMed, CINAHL, and Google Scholar. Five experts identified key aspects of the disaster education approach and eligibility criteria to facilitate identification of relevant articles.ResultsOnly five articles met the specified criteria and described two short and three intermediate courses on disaster health management in Saudi Arabia. All courses involved competency-specific training aimed at basic or foundational level and involved a range of activities and learning types. None had refresher courses within 12 months.ConclusionThe review highlights the obvious scarcity of short and intermediate term evidence-based disaster health programs in Saudi Arabia. Adoption of the education framework proposed by the authors based on international frameworks could improve the quality and consistency of the disaster education curriculum in Saudi Arabia

Improving social performance through innovative small green businesses: knowledge sharing and green entrepreneurial intention as antecedents

Small businesses are thought to be largely responsible for environmental pollution despite the fact that businesses of all shapes and sizes contribute to this issue. This research explores how important factors such as knowledge sharing (KS) and green entrepreneurial intention (GEI) might help small businesses in Saudi Arabia develop and implement green innovation (GI). It also seeks to determine whether GI is a mediating variable that explains the connection between GEI, KS, and social performance (SP). Accordingly, an online survey was used to collect responses from 284 small entrepreneurs in Saudi Arabia engaged in various types of business activities. The study used partial least squares structural equation modelling for data analysis and hypothesis testing. The results show that GI considerably influences SP while also having a significant link with both GEI and KS. Further, the study reveals that the relationship between GEI, KS, and SP is mediated by GI. The study offers a plethora of suggestions to various stakeholders generally and to Saudi authorities specifically

Unleashing environmental performance: the impact of green entrepreneurial motivation on small enterprises

Background: Environmental degradation has been annoying, pressuring enterprises to look for innovative ways to improve their operations, methods and products. Aim: This research identifies the key factors contributing to developing innovative behaviour among small enterprises in Saudi Arabia and their effect on environmental performance (EP). Method: The study collected a sample of 284 from different types of small enterprises operating in Saudi Arabia. The data collected were analysed using the partial least square structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). Results: The study revealed interesting results. It was found that green entrepreneurial motivation (GEM) can positively and significantly influence green innovation (GI) as well as environmental performance. It was also found that green innovation can positively and significantly affect environmental performance. Finally, green innovation could mediate the relationship between green entrepreneurial motivation and environmental performance. Also, Knowledge sharing (KS) could moderate the relationship between green entrepreneurial motivation and green innovation. Conclusion: The study concluded by providing several recommendations for the policymakers in Saudi Arabia

Thyroid disorders, epidemiology and outcome among patients in South Western region: Southern Saudi Arabia

Background: Thyroid gland may have a group of a medical condition that affects its main function. The thyroid gland is located at the front of the neck and produces thyroid hormones. The released hormones go through the blood to many body organs for regulating their function, meaning that it is an endocrine organ. These hormones normally act in the body to regulate energy use, infant development, and childhood development. The study aimed to assess the epidemiology of thyroid disorders among cases in the south-western region, Saudi Arabia, and to assess the reporting quality for these cases data.Methods: A retrospective record based descriptive approach was used through reviewing medical records of all cases that were admitted and diagnosed as thyroid related disorders for different indications in the main hospital (king Khalid Hospital) during the period from January 2018 to January 2020. Data extracted throng pre-structured questionnaire including patient's bio-clinical data, preoperative radiological and laboratory investigations. Also, laryngoscope pre and post operatively was reviewed to record findings.Results: The study included 405 cases with thyroid disorders whose ages ranged from 15 to 71 years old with a mean age of 30.5±10.6 years. Females were 82.7% of the included cases, and 83.8% were Saudi. Thyroid related symptoms were recorded for 1-2 years among 58.1% of the cases and for more than 5 years among 15.8%. Thyroid enlargement was recorded for 73.1% of the cases. The multinodular enlargement was recorded for 53.5% of the cases followed with diffuse thyroid enlargement (27.3%). Regarding the type of surgery undergone, total thyroidectomy was the most recorded followed with lobectomy.Conclusions: The study revealed that the majority of the cases were females at middle age presented with benign lesions with Euthyroid status. The most important conclusion was the significant remarkable underreporting of the different clinical data for the cases with many missing items