Accions metabòliques de la vitamina D molt més enllà del que podíem imaginar fa uns deu anys

La vitamina D és una peça clau en la regulació de l'homeòstasi mineral, protegeix la integritat de l'os i modula el creixement, i la seva deficiència és un problema de salut pública avui dia. Fora de l'os la vitamina D també ha estat associada amb efectes metabòlics, i s'han publicat en els últims anys múltiples estudis que demostren la relació de nivells baixos de vitamina D i obesitat. La concentració de vitamina D està associada a adipositat, però diversos estudis suggereixen que la deficiència de vitamina D pot ser un factor independent relacionat amb la patogènesi de comorbiditats associades a l'obesitat. En aquest article volem revisar la fisiopatologia de la deficiència de la vitamina D amb la seva associació amb l'obesitat i el paper que en representa el dèficit en les comorbiditats relacionades amb l'obesitat.The vitamin D is key in the regulation of the mineral homeostasis, protecting the integrity of the bone and modulating its growth. Its deficiency is currently a public health problem. Out of the bone the vitamin D has been associated with metabolic effects. Recent studies have demonstrated the relation between low levels of vitamin D and obesity. The concentration of vitamin D is associated with adiposity, but several studies suggest that the deficiency of vitamin D can be an independent factor related to the pathogenesis of comorbidities associated with the obesity. In this article, the pathophysiology of vitamin D deficiency and its association with obesity and comorbidities related with obesity are reviewed

La ingesta de sal y el consumo de pan. Una visión amplia de la situación en España

The aim of this study is to review salt intake in Spain (9.6 d/day) and the health problems associated with its excessive consumption. Likewise, the role played by the salt content of bread, and its possible reduction and/or correction, will also be discussed. Finally, the beneficial effects of such changes are highlighted by way of a theoretical calculation in baguette-type wheat bread.As bread is widely considered to be the foodstuff that provides most dietary salt to the diet (19%), it is one of the key public health targets for salt reduction policy. In this respect, it has been shown that a reduction in the salt content of bread is possible, and alternative approach involves partial replacement with other, mainly potassium-based salts, which also counteract the effects of sodium. This replacement should be undertaken on the basis of criteria that maintain the product’s sensory profile and tends to be more successful in breads whit enhanced taste. European legislation in the field of nutrition and health claims allows the positive aspects of this reduction and replacement to be stated. The 30% reduction of salt in bread, viable from a technological point of view, would imply a reduction of 0.6 g in daily salt intake.El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido realizar una revisión de la ingesta de sal en España (9,6 g/día) y los problemas de salud que se derivan de su excesivo consumo. Por otra parte, valorar el papel del pan relacionado con dicha ingesta y su posible reducción y/o corrección desde diferentes enfoques. Finalmente, evidenciar las consecuencias favorables de dicha corrección por medio de un cálculo teórico en un pan tipo baguette.El pan es el alimento que aporta generalmente una mayor cantidad de sal en la dieta (19%), por lo que es uno de los objetivos clave en una política de reducción de su consumo. Se ha comprobado que es posible una disminución escalonada de sal en el pan, sobre todo cuando se parte de valores altos, aunque otra alternativa es su sustitución parcial por otras sales, principalmente potásicas, que tienen además un efecto que contrarresta al sodio (disminución de la relación Na/K). Esta sustitución debe hacerse con criterios de mantenimiento del perfil sensorial y se ve favorecida en panes con un sabor potenciado, ya sea por ingredientes o procesos, dado que ello facilita la reducción del contenido de sal. Por otra parte, la legislación europea en alegaciones nutricionales y de salud permite destacar los aspectos positivos de esta reducción y/o sustitución. La reducción de un 30% de sal en el pan, viable desde un punto de vista tecnológico, implicaría una reducción de la ingesta diaria de sal de 0,6 g

Mediterranean Diet and Cardiovascular Health: Teachings of the PREDIMED Study123

The PREDIMED (Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea) study was designed to assess the long-term effects of the Mediterranean diet (MeDiet) without any energy restriction on incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) as a multicenter, randomized, primary prevention trial in individuals at high risk. Participants were randomly assigned to 3 diet groups: 1) MeDiet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO); 2) MeDiet supplemented with nuts; and 3) control diet (advice on a low-fat diet). After 4.8 y, 288 major CVD events occurred in 7447 participants; crude hazard ratios were 0.70 (95% CI: 0.53, 0.91) for the MeDiet + EVOO and 0.70 (95% CI: 0.53, 0.94) for the MeDiet + nuts compared with the control group. Respective hazard ratios for incident diabetes (273 cases) among 3541 participants without diabetes were 0.60 (95% CI: 0.43, 0.85) and 0.82 (95% CI: 0.61, 1.10) compared with the control group. After 1-y follow-up, participants in the MeDiet + nuts group showed a significant 13.7% reduction in prevalence of metabolic syndrome compared with reductions of 6.7% and 2.0% in the MeDiet + EVOO and control groups, respectively. Analyses of intermediate markers of cardiovascular risk demonstrated beneficial effects of the MeDiets on blood pressure, lipid profiles, lipoprotein particles, inflammation, oxidative stress, and carotid atherosclerosis, as well as on the expression of proatherogenic genes involved in vascular events and thrombosis. Nutritional genomics studies demonstrated interactions between a MeDiet and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), apolipoprotein A2 (APOA2), cholesteryl ester transfer protein plasma (CETP), and transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) gene polymorphisms. The PREDIMED study results demonstrate that a high-unsaturated fat and antioxidant-rich dietary pattern such as the MeDiet is a useful tool in the prevention of CVD

A comparison of drinking behavior using a harmonized methodology (Liq.In 7) in six countries

Purpose: To assess drinking occasions (volume and type) according to consumption with food in or outside meals, and location, for six countries. Methods: A total of 10, 521 participants aged 4–65 years from Argentina, Brazil, China, Indonesia, Mexico and Uruguay completed a validated 7-day fluid intake record. For each drinking event, the volume consumed, the fluid type, the location of intake, and whether the drink was accompanied by food (meal or snack) or not, was recorded. Results: Similar drinking behaviors were found in Mexico and Argentina; fluid intake during meals was 48 and 45% of total fluid intake (TFI), respectively. In Brazil (55%), Indonesia (58%) and China (66%) most fluid was consumed without food. In Uruguay, 34% of TFI was with a main meal, 31% with food between meals and 35% without food. Indonesia had the highest median (25–75th percentile) TFI; 2520 (1750–3347) mL/day, and China the lowest 1138 (818–3347) mL/day. Water was consumed with meals for 37% of Chinese and 87% of Indonesian participants, while the four Latin-American American countries showed a preference for sweet drinks; 54% in Mexico, 67% in Brazil, 55% in Argentina and 59% in Uruguay. Diversity in fluid type was noted when drinking with food between meals. Apart from China, most drinking occasions (> 75%) occurred at home. Conclusions: Three distinct drinking behaviors were identified, namely, drinking with meals, drinking as a stand-alone activity, and a type of ‘grazing’ (i.e., frequent drinks throughout the day) behavior. Most drinking occasions occurred at home

Association of Mediterranean diet with peripheral artery disease: the PREDIMED randomized trial

Association of Mediterranean Diet With Peripheral Artery Disease: The PREDIMED Randomized Trial The role of nutrition in preventing peripheral artery disease (PAD) remains elusive. 1 Mediterranean diets reduce the risk of myocardial infarction and stroke. 2,3. They also may reduce the risk of PAD, but this hypothesis has never been tested in a randomized trial. We assessed the association of Mediterranean diets with the occurrence of symptomatic PAD in an exploratory, nonprespecified analysis of a randomized trial..

Fluid intake of Latin American children and adolescents: results of four 2016 LIQ.IN 7 National Cross-Sectional Surveys

Purpose: The primary aim of this survey was to report total fluid intake (TFI) and different fluid types for children (4–9 years) and adolescents (10–17 years) in Mexico, Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay. The second aim was to compare TFI with the adequate intake (AI) of water from fluids as recommended by the USA Institute of Medicine. Methods: Data were collected using a validated liquid intake 7-day record (Liq.In7). Participants’ characteristics, including age, sex and anthropometric measurements were recorded. Results: A total of 733 children and 933 adolescents were recruited. Over 75% of children in Uruguay met the IOM’s recommended intake. Fewer children in Argentina (64–72%) and Brazil (41–50%) obtained AI and the lowest values were recorded in Mexico (33–44%), where 16% of boys and 14% girls drank 50% or less of the AI. More adolescents in Argentina (42%) met the AIs than other countries; the lowest was in Mexico (28%). Children and adolescents in Mexico and Argentina drank more sugar sweetened beverages than water. Conclusions: Large numbers of children and adolescents did not meet AI recommendations for TFI, raising concerns about their hydration status and potential effects on mental and physical well-being. Given the negative effects on children’s health, the levels of SSB consumption are worrying

Fluid intake of children, adolescents and adults in Indonesia: results of the 2016 Liq.In7 national cross-sectional survey

Purpose: To report daily total fluid intake (TFI) and fluid types in Indonesia according to age, sex, socio-economic status (SES) and geographic region, and compare TFI with the Indonesian adequate fluid intake (AI) recommendations. Methods: Data were collected in 32 cities over nine regions from children (4–9 years, n = 388), adolescents, (10–17 years, n = 478) and adults (18–65 years, n = 2778) using a fluid intake 7-day record (Liq.In7); socio-economic status was also recorded. The 7-day mean TFIs were compared with the AI of water set by the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. Results: Total median fluid intakes for all age groups exceeded 2000 mL/day. At population level, TFI was associated with household income (P < 0.001), education (P < 0.001) and Indonesian geographical regions (P < 0.001). More than 67% of participants met the AI of water from fluids. A higher percentage of children and adolescents met the AI (78 and 80%, respectively), compared with adults (72%). Drinking water was the main contributor to TFI in all age groups (76–81%). Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) were consumed by 62% children, 72% adolescents and 61% of adults. An SSB intake = 1 serving per day was observed for 24% children, 41% adolescents and 33% adults. Conclusions: A high percentage of the population drank enough to meet the AI of water from fluids. Water was the most frequently consumed drink; however, many participants consumed at least one serving of SSB per day. This study provides data to help direct targeted intervention programs

Metabolomics for Biomarkers of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Advances and Nutritional Intervention Trends

Abstract Metabolic characterization of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is crucial for the identification of individuals at risk for developing diabetes and T2DM-related vascular complications as well as for monitoring disease progression. The application of metabolomics to diabetes research may lead to the identification and discovery of diagnostic and prognostic T2DM biomarkers, in addition to elucidating disease pathways. In the present review, we summarize the distinct classes of metabolites that have been proposed as potential biomarkers for progressing stages of T2DM by metabolomic approaches. Several studies have demonstrated that the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids is considerably altered in prediabetes and continue to vary over the course of T2DM progression. The identification of intermediate metabolites involved in glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, lipolysis, and proteolysis have provided evidence of these metabolic dysfunctions. Finally, given the increasing worldwide incidence of T2DM and its related complications, research should focus on the impact of lifestyle factors, particularly diet, at the metabolomic level for better understanding and improved healthcare strategie