Phycosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Chlorella vulgaris Metabolites: Its Antibacterial, Anti-Biofilm and In-Vitro Cytotoxicity Potential and Effect of Optimized Conditions on Biosynthesis.

The adverse effects of multidrug resistant and biofilm forming microbes on human health is of major concern; therefore a search for potential alternative in nanoparticles is required. Green phycosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (SNP) using The Clear Supernatant (TCS) of blue-green algae, Chlorella vulgaris (Cv) was investigated. The greenly synthesized Chlorella vulgaris TCS SNPs (CvTCSSNPs) were characterized using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, SEM, TGA, DLS, EDX and XRD. The antibacterial, antibiofilm and in vitro cytotoxicity against brine shrimp was evaluate. Colour change from light green to chocolate brown indicate CvTCSSNPs biosynthesis and surface Plasmon resonance peak was observed at 300 nm. CvTCSSNPs was 10 μm in size, spherical in shape, and can withstand high temperature without totally losing its weight. DLS shows the particle diameter average of 82.19 nm and 505.3 nm with a polydispersity index of 0.505. The EDX analysis confirmed a strong signal of silver element. The CvTCSSNPs had strong antibacterial activity and profoundly antibiofilm activity against Citrobacter sp., S. aureus ATCC 29213, E. coli ATCC 35218 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. CvTCSSNPs toxicity to Artemia salina (brine shrimp) LC50 was 1256. 69 μg/mL, it was observed to be insignificant with the highest mortality rate at 2000 μg/mL and the lethality was dose dependent. pH 10, 37˚C, 40 mL extract, 5 mM AgNO3 supported optimum CvTCSSNPs production. In conclusion, the phycosynthesized CvTCSSNPs had strong antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against the test pathogens. CvTCSSNPs may be used as safe and alternative to antibiotics against MDR biofilm producing pathogens

Tetralogy of F allot with Complete D i G eorge Syndrome: Report of a Case and a Review of the Literature

Complete D i G eorge syndrome ( CDGS ) has a severe T ‐cell immunodeficiency and is fatal without thymus or bone marrow transplantation. Associated congenital heart disease ( CHD ) further complicates the clinical management. We report an infant with tetralogy of F allot, confluent and hypoplastic pulmonary arteries, right aortic arch, and aberrant left subclavian artery. He was athymic with no CD 3+ T cells. CDGS was diagnosed with 22q11.2 deletion. The patient underwent central aortopulmonary shunt at 12 days of age. The patient died at 5 weeks of age awaiting thymus transplantation. We performed a review of the literature regarding CDGS and CHD . We found 43 cases including conotruncal defects (20) and nonconotruncal defects (23). The overall mortality rate was 67%. Among 30 cases undergoing transplantation (bone marrow 16 and thymus 12, bone marrow + thymus 2), the mortality rate was 53%. The patients with conotruncal defects were more likely to die before transplantation (45% vs. 16%, P =.04). The main cause of death was infection before and after transplantation. We conclude that children with CDGS and CHD have a high mortality. Bone marrow and thymus transplantation can improve the survival, but the overall management of these high risk patients remains challenging.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/99054/1/chd694.pd

Annihilation Diagrams in Two-Body Nonleptonic Decays of Charmed Mesons

In the pole-dominance model for the two-body nonleptonic decays of charmed mesons $D \rightarrow PV$ and $D \rightarrow VV$, it is shown that the contributions of the intermediate pseudoscalar and the axial-vector meson poles cancel each other in the annihilation diagrams in the chiral limit. In the same limit, the annihilation diagrams for the $D \rightarrow PP$ decays vanish independently.Comment: 9 pages (+ 3 figures available upon request), UR-1316, ER-40685-766, IC/93/21

Action of Salt Formation on the Bifunctional Nature of 12- Molybdophosphoric Acid and Their Relationship to the Catalytic Activity

Acidic properties and the catalytic activity of 12-molybdophosphates (M"nn+H3-,PM012040; M = Cu2+, BP+, Cr3+ and X = 1-3) have been studied. The results are discussed as the effect of these catalyst components on the partial charge on oxygen atom which is in a relation with the acidity. It is shown that the oxygen-hydrogen bond is weakened as the value of partial charge on oxygen (-bo) becomes more negative, while the vapor-phase dehydration activity of 2 propanol is explained on the basis of the reacting zone wideness taking into account the pseudo liquid phase nature of the heteropoly compounds. Correlation, the percentage conversion of 2-propanol with the fractional charge on molybdenum atom was successful to interpret the effect of the redox properties of these catalysts on their catalytic activity

Indirect Victimization and Community Violence Exposure: An Examination of Urban Public School Graduates and Getting Through

Najah Salaam Jennings-Bey is a longtime resident of Syracuse, NY with roots in NYC. She graduated from the Syracuse City School District and has dedicated her life to social justice for unserved and underserved communities. Growing up in a high-crime, gang-populated neighborhood, Salaam Jennings-Bey experienced, firsthand, the negative impact of street violence. Despite the psychological and emotional challenges associated with living in a high-crime neighborhood, her motivation to graduate from high school was to give back to her community. Education was the vehicle. For over 15 years, Salaam Jennings-Bey has served urban and rural communities throughout Central New York in the field of education as a Spanish teacher in Grades 9-12, as an Academic Dean of a high school, a Program Coordinator for high school students at risk of not graduating, and as a Vice Principal. Mrs. Salaam Jennings-Bey attended Lemoyne College from 1999 to 2001 and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in English Communication in 2001. She attended Lemoyne College from 2005 to 2008 and graduated with a Master of Science degree in in Teaching in 2008. In addition, Mrs. Salaam Jennings-Bey received a Certificate of Advanced Study in School Building Leadership in 2012. She came to St. John Fisher College in the fall of 2013 and began doctoral studies in the Ed.D. Program in execlead. Mrs. Salaam Jennings-Bey pursued her research in the psychosocial impact of street violence on older adolescents and on their academic performance under the direction of Dr. C. Michael Robinson and Dr. Theresa Pulos and received the Ed.D. Degree in 2015

A Wet Excavation Method for Root/Shoot Studies of Pearl Millet on the Sandy Soils of the Sahel

Root/shoot relations of two cultivars of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) were studied on a sandy soil at Sadore in Niger using a wet excavation method. For the first 10 days after emergence (DAE), the length of the seminal root showed an exponential growth rate while plant height increased more or less linearly. The maximum rooting depth for millet was 168 cm and the maximum number of root axes and primary laterals, 172 per plant. Root length continued to increase up to 75 DAE, the maximum length exceeding 5000 cm per plant. The proportion of total day matter accumulated in the roots decreased from 30% in the early stages to less than 20% by maturity. The wet excavation method is a promising technique for the rapid removal of intact root systems of pearl millet from the sandy soils of the Sahel

Effect of year and fertilizer on water-use efficiency of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) in Niger

A comprehensive study was conducted over a 4-year period (1984-87) to evaluate the water use, growth and yield responses of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) cv. CIVT grown with or without fertilizer (30 kg P2O5 and 45 kg N ha-1) at the ICRISAT Sahelian Centre, Sadore, Niger. Significant year and fertilizer effects on the growth and yield of millet were observed. Observed year effects were primarily due to the variations in the amount and distribution of rainfall in relation to the potential demand for water. During 1984, 1985 and 1987, total rainfall was below the long term average, while in 1986 it was above average. While the onset of rains (relative to the average date of onset) was early from 1984 to 1986, in 1987 the sowings were delayed by as much as 33 days. Of all the four years, the separation between the treatments in the cumulative evaporation was most evident for 1984, which was a drought year with below-average rainfall in all the months from June to September. Cumulative evaporation patterns in 1985 and 1986 were similar because of regular rains and high average rainfall per rainy day from June to October. In 1987, sowings were delayed until 15 July and only 6.9 mm of rainfall was received per rainy day in July. Hence cumulative evaporation was initially low and showed a significant increase only after two significant rain events in early August. There was a large response to fertilizer in all the years as small additions of fertilizer phosphate increased the soluble phosphate in the soil. Fertilizer application resulted in a small increase in water use (7-14 %) in all years except 1987. Increased yield due to the application of fertilizer was accompanied by an increase in the water-use efficiency (WUE) in all the four years with the largest increase in 1985. The beneficial effect of fertilizers could be attributed to the rapid early growth of leaves which can contribute to reduction of soil evaporative losses and increased WUE. Over the four seasons, average increase in the WUE due to the addition of fertilizer was 84

Determination of tool wear drilling process of aluminum 6061 and brass C3604 by using CNC robodrill machine

Hole making process is a stimulating process as it impacts the drilling tool's performance and wear. The main objective of this paper is to determine the drilling tool wear by using step-by-step drilling approaches used by most of the manufacturing companies. Two types of materials involved; Aluminum 6061 & Brass C3604. Firstly, the raw material grade was confirmed by testing it using an Oxford Spectrometer. Four types of drilling tools are used; center drill diameter 3.00 mm; drill diameter 10.00, 13.00 and 14.50 mm. The drilling tool material used is High-Speed Steel (HSS). The cutting parameter used is stated in detail in the methodology section. Two approach are used to determine the tool life; measuring the holes diameter produced by using Vernier caliper; graphical form with the help of the camera. The major finding of this research is the understanding on how the cutting process react with the drilling tool during the cutting process as discussed in the results and discussions. The tool life of a center drill, drilling tool diameter 10.00 mm, 13.00 mm and 14.50 mm in drilling Aluminum 6061 is 476, 250, 485 and 499 holes while for Brass C3604 is 360, 190, 360 and 375 holes

Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) using Ranque - Hilsch Vortex Tube (RHVT) for Sustainable Machining

Ranque-Hilsch Vortex Tube (RHVT) is a device with no moving parts and do not require electricity or chemicals to function. It has been used widely in cooling and heating of various operations, thermal test, dehumidification, gas liquefaction, ice production and mixture separation. Sustainable machining refers to the efforts to reduce the environmental impact of machining. The use of minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) is an effective solution for a more sustainable machining process. In this paper we propose the use of RHVT in MQL. The structure, working principles and types of RHVT are presented in this paper. Parameters associated with RHVT and the various possible working fluids are discussed in brie

Triple Bottom Line Optimization for Sustainable Product Design

The triple bottom line concept is based on the evaluation of three criteria namely financial profitability, environmental integrity and social equity. Consideration of the financial profitability is critical in ensuring the economic sustainability. Environmental integrity considerations have become very crucial as the world communities have realized the necessity to meet the needs of the present generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Social equity is difficult to identify but at the factory floor level it could imply the impact of manufacturing a product on workers health. In this paper the concept is applied in the manufacturing phase of a product taking into consideration the impact of the design on economics, environmental divided into energy consumed and carbon footprint and ergonomics effect. However it involves multi criteria decision making in the presence of multiple objectives. In this case the objectives being the four criteria. The objectives are usually conflicting and therefore, the proposed solution is highly dependent on the preferences of groups of decision makers and is developed within an understanding framework and mutual compromise. This paper presents a methodology using genetic algorithm and Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (Fuzzy AHP) at the product design stage in making decision based on the triple bottom line concept