17 research outputs found
ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΡΡ
The article is devoted to the study of pull-out tests of fiberglass plastic dowels installed in the walls made of lightweight concrete. The authors have undertaken experimental tests of anchors in use on the construction site and conducted analysis of test results.Π Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π΄ΡΠ±Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Ρ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π±Π΅ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π°Π½ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² Π² Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡx Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠΎΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ
Influence of abrasive materials on the quality of analytical surfaces during preparation of samples for spectral analysis
Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π°Π±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ± Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π° Π½Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠΎ-ΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Ρ
[1]. Π ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ°Ρ
Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ, ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Ρ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π·Π΅ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π°Π±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ². Π ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠΠ Β«ΠΠΠΒ» Π²ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ± Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π°Π»ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ, Π±ΡΠ» ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ Ρ
ΠΈ- ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π² Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ², ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±, ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°, Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΊ Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π°Π»ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ° ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π° ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Ρ Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Π°Π»ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΡΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ
. ΠΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π° ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠΎ-ΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² ΠΏΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Π°Π»ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π±ΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² (ΠΠ‘ΠΠ). Π ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π°Π±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ· Π±Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ½Π΄Π° ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΡΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π·Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π 40 ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ° Π°Π»ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Π°Π»ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΡΠΈΡ Π² ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΠ΅Π·Π΅ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
Local Affinity Based Inversion of Filter Generators
We propose a novel efficient cryptanalytic technique allowing
an adversary to recover an initial state of filter generator given
its output sequence. The technique is applicable to filter
generators possessing local affinity property
ΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠ« Π‘ΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠ§ΠΠ‘ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ¬ΠΠΠ Π€ΠΠ ΠΠ« Π€Π£ΠΠΠ¦ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠ
The rapid development of methods of error-correcting coding, cryptography, and signal synthesis theory based on the principles of many-valued logic determines the need for a more detailed study of the forms of representation of functions of many-valued logic. In particular the algebraic normal form of Boolean functions, also known as Zhegalkin polynomial, that well describe many of the cryptographic properties of Boolean functions is widely used. In this article, we formalized the notion of algebraic normal form for many-valued logic functions. We developed a fast method of synthesis of algebraic normal form of 3-functions and 5-functions that work similarly to the Reed-Muller transform for Boolean functions: on the basis of recurrently synthesized transform matrices. We propose the hypothesis, which determines the rules of the synthesis of these matrices for the transformation from the truth table to the coefficients of the algebraic normal form and the inverse transform for any given number of variables of 3-functions or 5-functions. The article also introduces the definition of algebraic degree of nonlinearity of the functions of many-valued logic and the S-box, based on the principles of many-valued logic. Thus, the methods of synthesis of algebraic normal form of 3-functions applied to the known construction of recurrent synthesis of S-boxes of length N = 3k, whereby their algebraic degrees of nonlinearity are computed. The results could be the basis for further theoretical research and practical applications such as: the development of new cryptographic primitives, error-correcting codes, algorithms of data compression, signal structures, and algorithms of block and stream encryption, all based on the perspective principles of many-valued logic. In addition, the fast method of synthesis of algebraic normal form of many-valued logic functions is the basis for their software and hardware implementation.Π‘ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·Π° ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ², ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°Ρ
ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΊΠΈ, Π΄ΠΈΠΊΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΊΠΈ. Π ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π΄Π»Ρ Π±ΡΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π° Π°Π»Π³Π΅Π±ΡΠ°ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°, ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ΅Π³Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Ρ
ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° Π±ΡΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ. Π Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π»Π³Π΅Π±ΡΠ°ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΊΠΈ. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·Π° Π°Π»Π³Π΅Π±ΡΠ°ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ 3-ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ 5-ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π ΠΈΠ΄Π°-ΠΠ°Π»Π»Π΅ΡΠ° Π΄Π»Ρ Π±ΡΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ: Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ° Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π·Π°, ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·Π° ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌ Π°Π»Π³Π΅Π±ΡΠ°ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π½Π°ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
3-ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ 5-ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ. Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π»Π³Π΅Π±ΡΠ°ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ S-Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°Ρ
ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΊΠΈ. Π’Π°ΠΊ, ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·Π° Π°Π»Π³Π΅Π±ΡΠ°ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ 3-ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ ΠΊ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·Π° S-Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Ρ N = 3k, Π² ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΈΡ
Π°Π»Π³Π΅Π±ΡΠ°ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π΄Π»Ρ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ: ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΎΠ² ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ, Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΎΠ² Π±Π»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°Ρ
ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΊΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·Π° Π°Π»Π³Π΅Π±ΡΠ°ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ
Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) Fibers for Composite Reinforcement: Exploring the Link Between Plant Growth, Cell Walls Development, and Fiber Properties
Due to the combination of high mechanical performances and plant-based origin, flax fibers are interesting reinforcement for environmentally friendly composite materials. An increasing amount of research articles and reviews focuses on the processing and properties of flax-based products, without taking into account the original key role of flax fibers, namely, reinforcement elements of the flax stem (Linum usitatissimum L.). The ontogeny of the plant, scattering of fiber properties along the plant, or the plant growth conditions are rarely considered. Conversely, exploring the development of flax fibers and parameters influencing the plant mechanical properties (at the whole plant or fiber scale) could be an interesting way to control and/or optimize fiber performances, and to a greater extent, flax fiber-based products. The first part of the present review synthesized the general knowledge about the growth stages of flax plants and the internal organization of the stem biological tissues. Additionally, key findings regarding the development of its fibers, from elongation to thickening, are reviewed to offer a piece of explanation of the uncommon morphological properties of flax fibers. Then, the slenderness of flax is illustrated by comparison of data given in scientific research on herbaceous plants and woody ones. In the second section, a state of the art of the varietal selection of several main industrial crops is given. This section includes the different selection criteria as well as an overview of their impact on plant characteristics. A particular interest is given to the lodging resistance and the understanding of this undesired phenomenon. The third section reviews the influence of the cultural conditions, including seedling rate and its relation with the wind in a plant canopy, as well as the impact of main tropisms (namely, thigmotropism, seismotropism, and gravitropism) on the stem and fiber characteristics. This section illustrates the mechanisms of plant adaptation, and how the environment can modify the plant biomechanical properties. Finally, this review asks botanists, breeders, and farmersβ knowledge toward the selection of potential flax varieties dedicated to composite applications, through optimized fiber performances. All along the paper, both fibers morphology and mechanical properties are discussed, in constant link with their use for composite materials reinforcement
Connections between Quaternary and Binary Bent Functions
Boolean bent functions were introduced by Rothaus (1976) as combinatorial objects related to difference sets, and have since enjoyed a great popularity in symmetric cryptography and low correlation sequence design. In this paper direct links between Boolean bent functions, generalized Boolean bent functions (Schmidt,
2006) and quaternary bent functions (Kumar, Scholtz, Welch, 1985)
are explored. We also study Gray images of bent functions and
notions of generalized nonlinearity for functions that are relevant
to generalized linear cryptanalysis
ΠΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ ΠΈΠ½Π΄Π΅ΠΊΡΠ° Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
The article is devoted to the impact assessment of the real sector and other factors of economic growth (characteristics of the financial sector, paid services and household incomes) on the dynamics of the business activity index, an integral indicator characterizing the state and trends of the countryβs macroeconomic development. The purpose of the article is to justify the need and highlight the feasibility for developing new aggregated business activity indexes that include a wider range of the national economy areas than the output index of goods and services for the Rosstat basic business lines. The authors have used the design method for integral estimates of macroeconomic dynamics, regression analysis, and a probabilistic approach (the method of pairwise preferences) to determine the weighing coefficients of the basic indicators. The work has resulted in time series of business activity indices (in tables and graphs), based on the method proposed by the authors. The new index of business activity suggests a more objective assessment of the state and trends of socio-economic development compared to the same Rosstat index. This index can help to improve the macroeconomic forecasting efficiency and lay the groundwork for more grounded management decisions.Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ° (Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°, ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ) Π½Π° Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ ΠΈΠ½Π΄Π΅ΠΊΡΠ° Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ β ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ, Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ. Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ β ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π°Π³ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ½Π΄Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΡΡΠ³ ΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ
ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π΄Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ ΠΏΠΎ Π±Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΠΌ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°. Π ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ (ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ) Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π±Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π΄Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ (Π² ΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Ρ
), ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΠΈΠ½Π΄Π΅ΠΊΡ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΈΠ½Π΄Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ Π ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠΊ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ
Π’ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ― ΠΠ€Π€ΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠΠΠ‘Π’Π¬ ΠΠΠ₯Π ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠ‘ΠΠ€ΠΠΠΠ¦ΠΠ Π’ΠΠΠΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠ§Π ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠ ΠΠ Π ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠ¬ΠΠΠ Π ΠΠΠΠΠ ΠΠ§ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠΠΠΠ ΠΠ Π£ΠΠΠΠ’Π Π£ΠΠΠ«Π₯ ΠΠΠΠΠ Π₯ΠΠΠ‘Π’ΠΠ Π§Π°ΡΡΡ 2
The paper demonstrates the fact that in valuating the actual heat efficiency from utilizing the vortical heat-release intensification it is necessary to account for the increase of heatreleasing area of the tube with the corresponding lacunae (hollows, lunules). It may vary from 4 to 280 % as a function of their geometrical parameters which causes heat-release increasing with its simultaneous growth from vortex formation in the boundary-layer flow by the swirls generated by lunule turbulizers. For the tube of axial flow-around with hollows applied on the outer surface the vortex intensification enhances the thermal effectiveness up to 1,39 times, and in the case of the transversal flow-around tube banks with lunuled tube outer surface it does not exceed 29 % at Re = 5000. With Re number growing to 14000 the energy effect tangibly declines to 6 %.The thermal effectiveness of the vortex intensification with spherical lunules on the tube inside surface and the air moving inside does not exceed 13 % in the interval Re = (1β2) β
104 , which is distinctive for air the preheaters of steam-boilers. However, a greater energy effect (up to 33 %) for the axial flowing is attained from emerging saliences on the tube inside surface beneath the spherical lacunae on the outside. The authors establish that employing discrete roughness in the form of transverse circular saliences (diaphragms) allows attaining much greater heat-emission intensification (up to 70 %) in the interval of Re = (10β100) β
103 as compared to the smooth tube. The paper shows that physical principles of the heat-emission vortex intensification by way of lunuling the round tubular surfaces differentiate from those applying artificial limited roughness in the form of pyramid frusta on the tube outside surfaces flowed around by the transverse flow.Β ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΎΡΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΎΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ±Ρ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ³Π»ΡΠ±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ (Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Π»ΡΠ½ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ), ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π² Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΠΈΡ
Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ 4 Π΄ΠΎ 280 %, ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΎΡΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π΅Π΅ ΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΠ±ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠ° Π²ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠΌΠΈ, Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΌΠΈ Π»ΡΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ±ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ±Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π½Π°Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊ Π½Π° Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π²Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ 1,39 ΡΠ°Π·Π°, Π° Π² ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΠ½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ± Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ 29 % ΠΏΡΠΈ Re = 5000. Π‘ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π° Re Π΄ΠΎ 14000 ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ 6 %.Π’Π΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π»ΡΠ½ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ±Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π² Π½Π΅ΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡ
Π° Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ 13 % Π² ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π»Π΅ Re = (1β2) β
104 , ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡ
ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ². ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ (Π΄ΠΎ 33 %) ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ Π²ΡΠΏΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π½Π° Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ±Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ³Π»ΡΠ±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ
Π²ΡΠΏΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ (Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π³ΠΌ) ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΎΡΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ (Π΄ΠΎ 70 %) Π² ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π»Π΅ Re = (10β100) β
103 ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ Π³Π»Π°Π΄ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΉ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΡ Π²ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΎΡΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΡΡΠ³Π»ΠΎΡΡΡΠ±Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈ Π½Π°Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ Π½Π° Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ±Ρ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ.
Influence of micropropagation on the ontogenetic phases of Paulownia
The aim of this research was to examine whether the method of micropropagation and tissue source affects the early growth and development of Paulownia in the first six months following transfer from tissue culture and establishment in soil. This tree species was chosen as it is a fast growing, short-rotation timber tree and able to adapt successfully to new environments. It is easily established in vitro and has been micropropagated using a range of different techniques. Three methods of micropropagation were chosen: callus regeneration, somatic embryogenesis and the third method was inducing root suckers in vitro. The third method was developed during this study and has never been documented in other research. Newly established explants and stabilised explants that had been in culture for over 6 months were used to test the efficacy of these methods. Genotype was also another important aspect to examine, as clones of the same species have shown differing response to being micropropagated. Previous studies have not compared different methods of micropropagation and rarely past the initial stages of laboratory experiments to fully determine the influence they have on the explants development ex vitro.
Cultures were sourced from five clones (P1, P2, P3, P4, P5) of mature Paulownia elongata x fortunei stock plants. P1 was first established in vitro and had been micropropagated for five years to induce stabilisation. Newly established explants from clones P1, P2, P3, P4 and P5 had been established in culture for three months before being utilised for micropropagation analysis experiments. Examination of these methods in vitro showed that tissue sources from P1 were the easiest to manipulate and propagate in vitro. Callus regeneration was the most successful in its ability to produce explants and in large quantities. Initial callus experiments showed a significant response in shoot regeneration from stabilised cultures. Subsequent experiments showed a greater response from greenhouse material and newly established cultures, while stabilised cultures failed to produce shoots. Root sucker induction was also successful in stabilised and newly established clones of P1, however, it took a significant amount of time to induce root suckers and the quantity of material produced was limited. Somatic embryogenesis was unsuccessful in regenerating new shoots and the complexity of current methods made it difficult to develop a full protocol in this study.
Explants produced from callus regeneration and root sucker induction were transferred to the greenhouse, along with controls from stabilised and newly established cultures. All sources readily produced adventitious roots and there was a 100% survival rate upon transfer to the greenhouse. While initial comparisons showed slight variations in growth factors such as height and floral development, these were not statistically significant. Any slight variation became indistinguishable after two months of growth. Most importantly, after six months, plants from all sources readily produced flowers, indicating that the explants retained the mature phenology of the parent material while being maintained in culture. While callus regeneration and root sucker induction were successful in producing new explants in vitro, these methods had no effect on the overall growth and development under greenhouse conditions. All explants exhibited early flowering, which indicates that they maintained the mature characteristics of the parent material. This is not necessarily an undesirable outcome if the intention is to micropropagate mature tissue while still retaining their mature phenology. Ultimately, the method of micropropagation utilised is determined by what growth characteristic is desired and the purpose for which the plants are being propagated