Species of the genus Pratylenchus Filip'jev, 1936 (Nematoda : Tylenchida) from Cameroon

Quatre espèces déjà connues de #Pratylenchus - P. brachyurus (Godfrey, 1929) Filip'ev & Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1941 ; #P. goodeyi Sher & Allen, 1953 ; #P. scribneri Steiner, 1943 ; #P. sefaensis Fortuner, 1973 ont été extraites d'échantillons de sols provenant de la rhizosphère de plantes cultivées en différents endroits de la région ouest du Cameroun. L'identification spécifique n'a cependant pas été facile. La population de #P. goodeyi du Cameroun ne possède que trois anneaux céphaliques au lieu de quatre. La population de #P. sefaensis du Cameroun montre une extrémité caudale très variable - au lieu d'une extrémité typiquement arrondie - et un champ latéral formé d'une large bande parcourue de lignes irrégulières ou bien une paire de lignes internes faiblement marquées - au lieu de quatre à cinq lignes. L'identification réalisée en microscopie optique pour ces deux espèces a été confirmée par les observations au MEB ; de plus, le MEB a montré que les sensilles céphaliques de #P. goodeyi$ sont plus développées chez le mâle que chez la femelle. Les différences dans les caractères morphométriques ont été évaluées. Ces quatre espèces sont signalées au Cameroun pour la première fois. (Résumé d'auteur

CRITICAL DIMENSIONS OF STAKEHOLDERS’ ENGAGEMENT IN EDUCATIONAL POLICY IMPLEMENTATION IN CAMEROON HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

Policies are living documents that require various inputs to assist in fulfilling their goals, and as such attention to policy issues does not end at the creation of the policy. Its implementation is increasingly a multi-sectored endeavour and a successful policy process requires democratic public participation, wherein the national sphere, different stakeholders get involved in order to reduce the political pressure on the government and thus achieve its objectives. Yet, this engagement might not continue during the policy implementation stage. Thus, it is crucial to consider the dimensions of stakeholder engagement in policy implementation. The purpose of this paper is to critically examine the dimensions of stakeholders’ engagement in policy implementation and the factors associated with implementation failure due to this gap. Some practical strategies are suggested to overcome implementation performance (way forward) and conclude with the proposition that implementation failure is partly due to a lack of stakeholders’ engagement

Validité de la Technique d’alignement automatique en Traduction Assistée par Ordinateur (TAO): Cas de Wordfast Aligner

Les outils d’alignement automatique en traduction assistée par ordinateur (TAO) continuent de présenter des limites. Cet article a pour principal but d’évaluer la technique de l’alignement automatique de Wordfast Aligner. Cette étude vise à identifier les lacunes dans les segments du TC au moyen d’une description comparée avec les segments du TS, à évaluer le pourcentage du rendu en nous servant de l’évaluation automatique de Wordfast Aligner, à identifier et évaluer l’algorithme utilisé dans Wordfast Aligner dans la segmentation, et à étudier la qualité de l’alignement produit par Wordfast Aligner et voir si cela est valable dans un cadre général. Quatre hypothèses sont émises dans cette recherche. La première stipule que les lacunes existant dans les segments du TC dans un bi-texte produit automatiquement dans Wordfast Aligner sont identifiables suivant une analogie cognitive. La deuxième postule que l’outil Wordfast Aligner rend tout le sens des segments du TS dans les segments du TC. La troisième stipule que l’algorithme d’alignement automatique utilisé dans Wordfast Aligner est valide. Et la quatrième postule que la technique de l’alignement automatique dans Wordfast Aligner ne bâtit pas une MT optimale. Il ressort de l’analyse de 50 segments pertinents que les lacunes se trouvant dans les segments du TC en rapport avec les segments du TS sont de quatre (4) catégories : des lacunes provenant d’une mauvaise segmentation (2%), des lacunes provenant d’une sur-traduction (16%), des lacunes provenant d’une sous-traduction (64%), des segments avec zéro (0) lacune (18%). Ces résultats montrent également que l’outil Wordfast Aligner, en effectuant l’alignement automatique, ne rend pas toujours tout le sens du segment du texte source. La moyenne générale du rendu par Wordfast Aligner est de 69,68% ≈ 70%, ce qui est acceptable, mais pas optimale. ABSTRACT Machine alignment tools in computer-assisted translation (CAT) continue to have limitations. The main purpose of this paper is to evaluate the Wordfast Aligner machine alignment technique. This study aims to identify gaps in TT segments by means of a comparative description with ST segments, to evaluate the percentage of rendering using Wordfast Aligner's automatic evaluation, to identify and evaluate the algorithm used in Wordfast Aligner in the segmentation, and to study the quality of the alignment produced by Wordfast Aligner and see if this is valid in a general setting. Four hypotheses are put forward in this research. The first states that gaps in the TT segments in a bi-text automatically produced in Wordfast Aligner are identifiable by a cognitive analogy. The second postulates that the Wordfast Aligner tool renders all the meaning of the ST segments into the TT segments. The third hypothesis states that the automatic alignment algorithm used in Wordfast Aligner is valid. And the fourth hypothesis postulates that the automatic alignment technique in Wordfast Aligner does not build an optimal TM. The analysis of 50 relevant segments shows that the gaps found in the TT segments in relation to the ST segments fall into four (4) categories: gaps due to poor segmentation (2%), gaps due to over-translation (16%), gaps due to under-translation (64%), segments with zero (0) gaps (18%). These results also show that the Wordfast Aligner tool, when performing automatic alignment, does not always render the full meaning of the source text segment. The overall average rendering by Wordfast Aligner is 69.68% ≈ 70%, which is acceptable, but not optimal

The process of naturalisation of refugees under international and South African law and its implications for human rights

This study seeks to examine the naturalisation of refugees under international law with specific focus on the South African refugee system. The universalised nature of human rights and the difficulties of refugees finding new roots in host states form the basis of this study. This study takes a closer look at the South African refugee system and the path to naturalisation of refugees. It identifies policy and legal gaps in the process of naturalisation of refugees and argues that the practice as it stands today, fundamentally abuses the rights of refugees and questions South Africa’s good faith in meeting its international obligations under the 1951 Refugee Convention. It argues further that the biopolitical philosophy upon which South African citizenship is anchored is itself a hindrance to the realisation of efforts aimed at naturalising refugees and their descendants. The research methodology used in this study is non-empirical. This is so because the study is based on available data, information already available in print or on the internet. The study attempts to accomplish the above by undertaking an in-depth analysis of the history of refugees, the current position of naturalisation under international law, and identifies the inherent challenges. In the South African context, the study makes use of extensive statutory, constitutional and case law materials to justify that the current treatment of refugees in their quest for naturalisation is indefensible within the context of a human rights-based approach and the dictates of the Constitution. This study concludes by making recommendations that would help close the legal and policy gaps that obtain presently. These include amendments to the Refugees, Immigration and Citizenship Acts and strengthening policy implementation at the DHA. It is hoped that the recommendations will strengthen and evolve a human rights culture and bring refugee, immigration and citizenship laws in line with the Constitution. It will also pave the way for a more just and peaceful South Africa as she strives to meet her obligations under regional and international law

Service Chain Logistics Management for Increasing Equipment Uptime

Currently, as Industrial Product Service Systems (IPS2) concepts are becoming increasingly adopted by capital assets suppliers, further increase of equipment uptimes is increasingly gaining attention by academics and practitioners. Uptimes can be managed by both improving the maintenance decision making as well as considering appropriate service supply chain design decisions. Furthermore, the integration of Industry 4.0 tools can further boost the previous with its communication and connectivity ability. Knowledge on these aspects is available in academia as well as in practice, but, as this paper argues, not structured for making decisions that consider all of these aspects in an integrated way aiming at improving equipment uptime. Through literature review, we assess the existing literature on IPS2. In doing so this paper offers a two-fold contribution: On the one hand, it presents an exploratory literature review to identify knowledge gap and on the other hand, it proposes a suitable future research project

Prevalence of six viruses in potato seed tubers produced in informal seed system in the North West Region of Cameroon.

Evidence has accumulated that there is a trade-off between benefits and costs associated with rapid growth. A trade-off between growth rates and critical. swimming speed (U-crit) had been also reported to be common in teleost fish. We hypothesize that growth acceleration in the F-3 generation of "all-fish" growth hormone gene (GH) transgenic common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) would reduce the swimming abilities. Growth and swimming performance between transgenic fish and non-transgenic controls were) compared. The results showed that transgenic fish had a mean body weight 1.4-1.9-fold heavier, and a mean specific growth rate (SGR) value 6%-10% higher than the controls. Transgenic fish, however, had a mean absolute U-crit (cm/s) value 22% or mean relative Ucrit (BL/s) value 24% lower than the controls. It suggested that fast-growing "all-fish" GH-transgenic carp were inferior swimmers. It is also supported that there was a trade-off between growth rates and swimming performance, i.e. faster-growing individuals had lower critical swimming speed

Detachment of Breast Tumor Cells Induces Rapid Secretion of Exosomes Which Subsequently Mediate Cellular Adhesion and Spreading

Exosomes are nano-vesicles secreted by a wide range of mammalian cell types. These vesicles are abundant in serum and other extracellular fluids and contain a large repertoire of proteins, mRNA and microRNA. Exosomes have been implicated in cell to cell communication, the transfer of infectious agents, and neurodegenerative diseases as well as tumor progression. However, the precise mechanisms by which they are internalized and/or secreted remain poorly understood. In order to follow their release and uptake in breast tumor cells in real time, cell-derived exosomes were tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-CD63 while human serum exosomes were rhodamine isothiocynate-labeled. We show that detachment of adherent cells from various substrata induces a rapid and substantial secretion of exosomes, which then concentrate on the cell surfaces and mediate adhesion to various extracellular matrix proteins. We also demonstrate that disruption of lipid rafts with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MβCD) inhibits the internalization of exosomes and that annexins are essential for the exosomal uptake mechanisms. Taken together, these data suggest that cellular detachment is accompanied by significant release of exosomes while cellular adhesion and spreading are enhanced by rapid uptake and disposition of exosomes on the cell surface