Callus induction, direct and indirect organogenesis of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc)

The present study aimed to induce callus, direct and indirect organogenesis of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc) by using Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium fortified with different concentrations and combinations of growth regulators. Shoot tip, in vitro leaf and root segments were used as explants to induce callus by MS medium containing (0.00 as control, 0.5, 1.00, 2.00 and 3.00 mg/L) of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Callus induced was subcultured on MS+2,4-D at different concentrations (0.5, 1.00, 2.00 and 3.00 mg/L) and one concentration 0.5 mg/L of 6-benzyl amino purine (BAP) was used. The sprouting buds (about 1 to 1.5 cm) were used as explants for direct shoots and roots induction by MS medium + 2.00, 3.00 and 4.5 mg/L of BAP. Callus induced by 1.00 mg/L 2,4-D was regenerated on MS + 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D to obtain a green callus, this callus was transferred to MS medium with combinations of 0.5 mg/L 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) with different concentrations of BAP (1.00, 2.00,3.00 and 4.00 mg/L) for indirect organogenesis. The results reveals that, for callus induction, callus was only induced from shoot tip explant in all concentrations of 2,4-D. The highest callus fresh weight was obtained by 1.00 mg/L of 2,4-D (1.302 ± 0.09) g than that induced by other treatment (p < 0.05). In the case of callus induced by subculture, the highest callus fresh weight initiated was 1.509 ± 0.00 g by 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D. For direct organogenesis, 4.5 mg/L BAP showed the highest number of in vitro shoots and roots, 4 ± 0.35 shoots and 15 ± 0.46 roots per explants. For indirect organogenesis, the best shoots and roots initiated were 2 ± 0.21 shoots and 22 ± 0.33 roots by combination of 1.00 mg/L BAP+0.5 mg/L NAA.Keywords: Callus induction, growth regulators, Zingiber officinale Rosc, organogenesi

Essential oils composition and biological activity of Chamaecyparis obtusa, Chrysopogon nigritanus and Lavandula coronopifolia grown wild in Sudan

Generally, there are scant data about the constituents and eventually the biological activity of essential oils (EOs) from aromatic plants that grow naturally in Sudan. The present study aimed to determine the chemical composition, and antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities of EO extracted from the fruit of Chamaecyparis obtusa (Siebold and Zucc.) Endl. (family Cupressaceae), root of Chrysopogon nigritanus (Benth.) Veldkampis (family Poaceae) and aerial part of Lavandula coronopifolia Poir (family Lamiaceae). The fruit of C. obtusa contained only monoterpenes, mainly hydrogenated ones, with α-pinene (69.07%) as the major component. Oxygenated sesquiterpenes comprised the highest content of the C. nigritanus root EO with cedr-8-en-15-ol (28.69%) as the major constituent while aerial parts of L. coronopifolia contained both monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes and the oxygenated monoterpene lavandulol (26.56%) as dominant compounds. The EO of the root of C. nigritanus significantly displayed (p < 0.05) the highest anti-DPPH radical, Fe3+- and Cu2+-reducing and metal-chelating activities, while that of C. obtusa fruit significantly exerted (p < 0.05) the best anti-ABTS radical and total antioxidant activity. The two EOs significantly exhibited (p < 0.05) the highest anti-acetylcholinesterase and -butyrylcholinesterase activities, respectively, while EO of L. coronopifolia was the only oil to show a considerable inhibitory effect against the tyrosinase and α-glucosidase enzymes. In conclusion, EOs from these three plants could be natural agents with promising functional properties for food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical applications

Phytochemical and Biological Study of Sudanese Plants : Hydnora johannis Becc. (Hydnoraceae) and Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. et Nakai var. citroides (Bailey) Mansf. (Cucurbitaceae)

Différents extraits ont été préparés à partir de racines de H. johannis et différents tests biologiques ont été appliqués en vue de rechercher différentes activités. L'extrait aqueux s'est montré particulièrement actif sur Enterococcus fecalis, Staphylococcus aureus et Bacillus. Les extraits aqueux dépourvus de tanins et les tanins isolés ne présentent pas d'activité antibactérienne. L'effet synergétique des composés serait donc responsable de l'activité antibactérienne de la plante. Une activité antifongique sur Microsporum canis, une propriété antiradicalaire et une activité antiglycation ont été constatées avec les deux extraits. Une étude toxicologique de la poudre de plante et de l'extrait éthanolique sur des rats révèle une toxicité au niveau du foie et de la rate. Cinq composés ont été isolés puis identifiés. Il s'agit de 3',4',5-Trihydroxy-6,7-diméthoxyflavone ; 3,5-Dihydroxy-4,7-diméthoxy dihydroflavonol, Catéchine, Vanilline et l'acide Protocatechuic. Du stigmastérol, de l'acide oléique, de l'acide myristique et de l'acide palmitique ont été également identifiés. Le travail sur C. lanatus var. citroides a montré que l'extrait méthanolique (70%) des pulpes de fruits possède une activité contre B. subtilis, S. aureus et E. coli. Les extraits butanolique et à l'acétate d'éthyle ne sont pas toxiques contre les larves de crevettes. L'extrait butanolique possède une propriété significative antiradicalaire. Deux composés ont été isolés et identifiés. Ce sont la Cucurbitacine E 2-O-[bêta]-glucopyranoside et la Cucurbitacine L 2-O-[bêta]-glucopyranoside. Ces composés montrent une activité antibacterienne contre E. coli. La Cucurbitacine L 2-O-[bêta]-glucopyranoside possède une activité antibactérienne contre P. aeruginosa et une propriété modérée anti-radicaux libresDifferent extracts were prepared from the roots of H. johannis and different biological tests were performed. Water extract exhibited significant activity against Enterococcus fecalis, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus. Water extract devoid from tannin or the tannin fraction did not show any antibacterial activity reflecting the synergistic property of active compounds. Both extracts showed antifungal, antiradical capacity as well as antiglycation activity. Toxicological study of the powder and ethanol extract on rats showed toxicity to the liver and kidney tissues. Five compounds were isolated namely; 3,4,5- Trihydroxy- 6,7-dimethoxy flavone ; 3,5-Dihydroxy- 4,7- dimethoxy dihydroflavonol, Catechin, Vanillin and Protocatechuic acid. Stigmasterol, Oleic acid, Myristic acid and Palmitic acid were also identified. A study on the fruit pulps of C. lanatus var. citroides revealed that the methanolic extract displayed an antibacterial activity against B. subtilis, S. aureus and E. coli. The butanolic extract showed antiradical capacity and was not toxic to brine shrimps larvae. Two compounds were isolated namely; Cucurbitacine E 2-O-[bêta]-glucopyranoside and Cucurbitacine L 2-O- [bêta] -glucopyranoside. Both compounds showed antibacterial activity against E.coli whereas, Cucurbitacine L 2-O-[bêta]-glucopyranoside showed antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa as well as antiradical activit

Evaluation of antidiabetic activity of plants used in Western Sudan

Objective: To investigate the traditional antidiabetic uses of some indigenous Sudanese plants on streptozotocin-induced diabetes rats. Methods: Diabetic rats were treated with a 400 mg/kg dose of aqueous extracts of five plant species orally for 2 h (acute) or 14 days (chronic). In acute model blood glucose levels were monitored at specific intervals. In the chronic model blood samples were collected from overnight fasted diabetic rats on day 15 to estimate blood glucose level. And the body weight, serum lipid profile and activities of liver and kidney enzymes were measured. Histopathological observations of liver sections were also studied. Results: In the case of acute treatment, aqueous extracts of Tinospora bakis (T. bakis), Nauclea latifolia (N. latifolia) and Randia nilotica (R. nilotica) at 400 mg/kg significantly lowered (P < 0.05) blood glucose levels in diabetic rats whereas, chronic treatment of diabetic rats with 400 mg/kg of T. bakis, N. latifolia, R. nilotica and Mitragyna inremis proved to have significant (P < 0.05) antihyperglycemic effect and have the capacity to correct the metabolic disturbances associated with diabetes. Histopathological studies showed that the aqueous extracts of these four plants reinforced the healing of liver. However, Striga hermonthica aqueous extract did not exert any antihyperglycemic effect to diabetic rats. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that T. bakis, N. latifolia, R. nilotica and Mitragyna inremis have therapeutic value in diabetes and related complications and thus supporting the traditional uses of these plants in Sudanese traditional medicine

Antibacterial activity, cytotoxicity and chemical constituents of Hydnora johannis roots

AbstractIn Sudan, the roots of Hydnora johannis (Hydnoraceae) are traditionally used for the treatment of dysentery, diarrhea, cholera and swelling tonsillitis. The ethnomedicinal value of H. johannis was investigated through phytochemical study, in vitro antibacterial activity and preliminary cytotoxic tests. Determination of total phenols, flavonoids and proanthocyanidins was carried out using spectrometric methods. The antibacterial activity of the water and ethanolic extracts was determined using the microdilution method. Pure compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract by chromatographic methods and their structures were established by spectroscopic methods. Cytotoxicity assay was performed against selected human mouth epidermoid carcinoma cell line (KB), and non-cancer human fetal lung cell line (MRC-5). Both water and ethanol (70%) extracts were found to contain the same amount of total phenols and proanthocyanidins, whereas the level of flavonoids was higher in the ethanol extract. The water extract was found to possess antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis (MIC value of 16μg/mL), Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus and Staphylococcus aureus (MIC values of 64μg/mL) but not against bacteria mainly responsible for diarrhea. This leads to the suggestion that, the mode of action of water extract which is rich in tannins was not connected to their inhibition to the diarrhea bacteria but to their action on the digestive tract. Reduction in potency of the water and ethanol (70%) extracts when fractionated was observed. The ethyl acetate fraction obtained from fractionation of ethanol extract possessed only activity against the two strains of S. aureus with MIC values of 128μg/mL. In addition, six compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract as cirsiliol (3′,4′,5-trihydroxy-6-7-dimethoxy flavone) (1), trans 3′5-dihydroxy-4′7-dimethoxydihydroflavonol (2), oleic acid (3), vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) (4), protocatechuic acid (3,4 dihydroxy benzoic acid) (5) and dl catechin (trans (+) 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-3,5,7-triol)) (6). Four compounds from the ethyl acetate extract were also identified by GCMS as stigmasterol (7), oleic acid (3), myristic acid (8), and palmitic acid (9). Little cytotoxicity is reported against the cell lines used. Thus, the safety of this plant in the traditional medicine should be verified by much further testing, including in vivo experiments and clinical studies

Montpellier - France

International audienceEndophytes are bacteria or fungi that invade living plant tissues without causing disease. As their host plant, endophytes also produce a wide variety of specialized metabolites. At first, we studied the endophytic fungal flora of medicinal plants from Sudan, its molecular characterization was carried out. Then we multiplied the fungus Curvularia papendorfi under controlled conditions. The phytochemical study of extracts of this fungus led to the isolation of 5 biomolecules including a new compound. A set of spectroscopic methods, 1D and 2D NMR, IR, UV and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS), were used to determine the structure of this new compound: 3,7,11,15 tetrahydroxy-18-hydroxymethyl-14,16,20,22,24-pentamethylhexacosa-4E, 8E, 12E, 16,18-pentaenoic acid. It showed moderate anti-bacterial activity against S. aureus with the IC50 value = 62.5 μg / mL and low cytotoxicity with the IC50 value > 100 μM against MCF7 cancer cells (human breast carcinoma)

Identification of biomolecules in Endophytes Fungi from Sudan’s medicinal plants

International audienceEndophytes are bacteria or fungi that invade living plant tissues without causing disease. As their host plant, endophytes also produce a wide variety of specialized metabolites. At first, we studied the endophytic fungal flora of medicinal plants from Sudan, its molecular characterization was carried out. Then we multiplied the fungus Curvularia papendorfi under controlled conditions. The phytochemical study of extracts of this fungus led to the isolation of 5 biomolecules including a new compound. A set of spectroscopic methods, 1D and 2D NMR, IR, UV and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS), were used to determine the structure of this new compound: 3,7,11,15 tetrahydroxy-18-hydroxymethyl-14,16,20,22,24-pentamethylhexacosa-4E, 8E, 12E, 16,18-pentaenoic acid. It showed moderate anti-bacterial activity against S. aureus with the IC50 value = 62.5 μg / mL and low cytotoxicity with the IC50 value > 100 μM against MCF7 cancer cells (human breast carcinoma)

Influence of Thermal Treatment and Impregnation on the Durability of Wood Colour

International audienceThe effect of thermal treatment and impregnation of woods on the stability of wood colour was investigated. Impregnation was performed by extractives obtained from the same thermally treated species or different ones. Treated and untreated samples were exposed to an accelerating ageing by solar radiation during 1000 h. Resuts showed that thermal treatments improved mainly the colour stability of softwood (pine and white fir) samples. Analysis of chromatic coordinates after 1000 hours of accelerated ageing showed that, thermally treated pine and white fir woods were the least affected samples with E* 1000 = 8.66 and 13.31 respectively. Impregnation increases the component b* causing an intense darkening of all analysed wood samples. Moreover, impregnation stabilised the colour of poplar and fir woods subjected 1000 hours of accelerated ageing whereas, beech woods showed high variations in colour. Thus, thermal treatment and impregnation could stabilise the surface aspect of woods that have an unstable natural colour. The efficiency of impregnation depends on the nature and physicochemical properties of the extractable substances and thus on wood species

Crude extracts of Sesamum Indicum roots used as anthraquinone source effect on pulping with sodium hydroxide of Sudanese bagasse

Abstract The objectives The work was carried out for extraction of natural anthrasesamones from roots of Sesamum Indicum using different organic solvents and utilization of extracts as catalyst in pulping with sodium hydroxide for a by-product of sugar industry (Sudanese bagasse). Results Sesamum Indicum roots when extracted with ethanol, it gave the highest extracts yield % (0.964), followed by ethyl acetate, chloroform, dichloromethane and petroleum ether extracts. The chemical pulping of Bagasse was done by using of sodium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide with anthraquinone, and sodium hydroxide with extract instead of anthraquinone keeping constant conditions at temperature 160 °C and applied sodium oxide 10.9% and time was 120 min, gave promising screened yield between 49.84 and 53.68%, bleachable kappa number between 15.57 and 8.26 for sodium hydroxide only and cooking with sodium hydroxide with anthraquinone. Cooking with sodium hydroxide of bagasse with anthrasesamones gave good pulping yields and kappa number

Rapid screening for bioactive natural compounds in Indigofera caerulea Rox fruits

International audienceLeaves and fruits of Indigofera caerulea, an endemic plant from Djibouti, are used in the traditional medicine to treat infectious diseases. However, there are no documented scientific reports on phytochemistry and antimicrobial properties of the fruit of this species. For the first time, the chemical compounds and the evaluation of the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of Indigofera caerulea Rox fruits were investigated. The hexane and methanolic extracts showed a significant activity against both Staphylococcus aureus with a Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 256 and 128 μg/mL, respectively, and Enterococcus faecalis with a MIC of 128 μg/mL for the two extracts. The methanolic and acetone extracts showed effective free radical scavenging activities in 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assays, while only the methanolic extract revealed the best ferric-reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP). The highest amount of both total polyphenolic content and total flavonoid content were detected in the methanolic extract (818.14 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g and 102.10 mg quercetin equivalents (QE)/g, respectively). About the phytochemistry of this extract, two phenolic compounds and three flavonoids were identified rapidly by HPTLC-MS, confirmed by NMR and quantified. Also, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and benzoic acid were identified by HPLC. Methyl gallate, the major compound isolated from the methanolic extract, showed antibacterial activity against S. aureus (MIC: 64 μg/mL). Twelve compounds were identified in hexane extract where fatty acids comprised 95.1% and steroids 3.5%. Thus, I. caerulea fruits could serve as a bio-based material for antioxidants and antibacterial compounds