Electrical and Magnetic Properties Related to Defect Structure in the Nonstoichiometric TiO and VO Phases

X-ray and neutron diffractions, electrical resistivity, magnetic susceptibility, Hall coefficient, and Knight shift were measured as a function of composition or temperature for the TiO and VO phases. We considered that the large amount of randomly distributed vacancies in these phases was not produced by thermal excitation but resulted from the internal energy gain which was ascribed to the formation of a metallic band due to the extreme contraction of lattice parameters. The maximum internal energy gains were calculated as about 1 eV for both phases. In a tentative model of the energy band structure for these phases, the Fermi energy was placed at the concave part in the density of states versus the energy curve, where the overlap of the bottom of the 3d-conduction band and the top of band owing to the 3d-electrons trapped at oxygen vacancies was strongly expected

Theory of Plasticity II : Critical Shear Stress of Binary Alloys

The critical shear stresses of binary alloys were calculated by means of two relations which have been derived in the previous paper. The curves of critical shear stress protted against the concentration of binary alloys take various forms for different values of X and Y, where X=RT/H, Y=Φ_1/H and H=(F^i_a-F^r_a)-(F^i_b-F^r_b). F^i_a, F^r_a, F^i_b and F^r_b are the Helmholtz\u27s free energy of pure crystal composed of atoms A or B in the real or in the imaginary crystal phase respectively, Φ_1, being the so-called ordering energy of the alloy. The quantity H hardly depends on temperature at sufficiently high temperatures. As Y/X=Φ_1/RT becomes smaller, the critical stress curve protted against the concentration approaches to a symmetric form. But it is very unsymetric for small values of X and the central part of curve becomes flat for large Y. The comparison with observations reveals good agreement in the cases of Au-Ag, Cu-Ni and Cu-Zn alloys

Theory of Plasticity I : Correlation between Lattice Transformation and Plastic Gliding in Metals

Two fundamental relations, which are essential to express the resistance against the plastic gliding in terms of the thermodynamic function were derived, by considering the structure of dislocation. One is a relation which connects the free energy difference ΔG dissipated during the lattice transformation with the mechanical energy f・ΔL required for the plastic gliding and it has been assumed in the previous report. Here f is the resistance against the plastic gliding and ΔL the amount of deformation in the process of lattice transformation, its numerical value being 0.306. Another relation gives a method to obtain the free energy difference ΔG for a crystal in which the lattice transformation cannot take place under the usual condition

Microwave and tunable far-infrared laser spectroscopy of the ammonia–water dimer

Microwave and far-infrared spectra of the H3N–HOH dimer have been recorded from 36 to 86 GHz and 520 to 800 GHz with a planar supersonic jet/tunable laser sideband spectrometer. The a-type pure rotational microwave data extend the previous m=0, K=0 A symmetry manifold measurements of Herbine and Dyke [J. Chem. Phys. 83, 3768 (1980)] to higher frequency and also provide an additional set of microwave transitions in the mK=+1 E symmetry manifold. Two sets of five b-type rotation–tunneling bands, one set shifted from the other by an approximately constant 113 MHz, have been observed in the far infrared. The splitting into two sets arises from water tunneling, while the overall band structure is due to internal rotation of the ammonia top. Nonlinear least-squares fits to an internal rotor Hamiltonian provided rotational constants, and an estimation of V3=10.5±5.0 cm–1 for the barrier height to internal rotation for the NH3 monomer. A nonlinear equilibrium hydrogen bond is most consistent with the vibrationally averaged rotational constants; with the angle co^s–1[] determined from , the projection of the ammonia's angular momentum onto the framework; and with the nitrogen quadrupole coupling constants of Herbine and Dyke. The water tunneling splitting and observed selection rules place constraints on the barrier height for proton exchange of the water as well as the most feasible water tunneling path along the intermolecular potential energy surface. An estimated barrier of ~700 cm^–1 is derived for the water tunneling motion about its c axis

Tunable far-infrared laser spectroscopy of deuterated isotopomers of Ar–H2O

Several far-infrared vibration-rotation-tunneling transitions have been measured in deuterated isotopomers of Ar–H2O for the first time. These experimental results will enable the generation of improved intermolecular potential energy surfaces for the Ar–H2O system when combined with existing microwave, far-infrared, and infrared data

"Temperature Interval" of Lattice Transformation I

An attempt to explain the causes of retained austenite on the lattice transformation is undertaken. The lattice transformation in small fraction of the crystal produces the internal strain in the remaining austenite, which makes increase the resistance against the following transformation, but when the temperature of the crystal decreases, an excessive free energy to be able to overcome the resistance is stored by increasing in degrees of supercooling and then the transformation develops. In order to carry out a quantitative consideration of this phenomenon, in accordance with the fact that the lattice transformation resembles the plastic deformation in their crystallographic mechanism, we assume a relation between the free energy difference dissipated during the lattice transformation and the mechanical energy required for the plastic deformation. From this relation we evaluate the dependence of amounts of transformation on temperature through correspondence between the work hardening in plastic deformation and this phenomenon

On the Anomalous Physical Properties of Liquid Copper Alloys

Magnetic susceptibilities and electrical resistivities of the liquid copper alloys, Cu-Bi, Cu-Sn and Cu-In have been measured as functions of chemical compositions at temperatures in the neighbourhood of 1000℃. In the liquid Cu-Bi alloy, observed magnetic susceptibility and electrical resistivity are well explained in terms of a model which assumes random distribution of Cu and Bi ions in an free electron gas atmosphere. In the liquid Cu-Sn and Cu-In alloys, anomalous behaviours are observed in their magnetic susceptibility and electrical resistivity. It is shown that the observed deep valleys of diamagnetism in the magnetic susceptibility curves of both liquid alloys correspond to the peaks in the curves of the heat of mixing for the respective alloys observed in our previous report. The observed values of magnetic susceptibility are compared with theoretical curves calculated by taking account of a contribution from n_R pseudo-molecules which are formed by association of Cu ions with Sn or In ion. It is found that about two electrons are localized in a pseudo-molecule for both liquid alloys near 1100℃ and that the observed deep diamagnetism originates from the existence of pseudo-molecules. Electrical resistivities for both kinds of liquid alloys are given as the sum of contributions from scattering of conduction electrons by randomly distributed free ions and by pseudo-molecules. The contribution ρ_1 caused by the former mechanism can be estimated in terms of a hard sphere model for the Ashcroft potential, and the latter contribution ρ_2 can be assumed to be in proportion with the distribution function n_R of the pseudo-molecule in the liquid alloy on the bases of its flexible structure. For both kinds of alloys such a proportional relationship is regarded as a reasonable assumption because the n_R curve behaves similarly to that of ρ_2=ρ-ρ_1 versus alloying compositions, where ρ is the observed total resistivity

Remarkable morphological characteristics of Milnesium sp. from Inhovde, East Antarctica

第6回極域科学シンポジウム[OB] 極域生物圏11月16日（月）　国立極地研究所１階交流アトリウ

A neo-virus lifestyle exhibited by a (+)ssRNA virus hosted in an unrelated dsRNA virus: Taxonomic and evolutionary considerations

Recent studies illustrate that fungi as virus hosts provides a unique platform for hunting viruses and exploring virus/virus and virus/host interactions. Such studies have revealed a number of as-yet-unreported viruses and virus/virus interactions. Among them is a unique intimate relationship between a (+)ssRNA virus, yado-kari virus (YkV1) and an unrelated dsRNA virus, yado-nushi virus (YnV1). YkV1 dsRNA, a replicated form of YkV1, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, are trans-encapsidated by the capsid protein of YnV1. While YnV1 can complete its replication cycle, YkV1 relies on YnV1 for its viability. We previously proposed a model in which YkV1 diverts YnV1 capsids as the replication sites. YkV1 is neither satellite virus nor satellite RNA, because YkV1 appears to encode functional RdRp and enhances YnV1 accumulation. This represents a unique mutualistic virus/virus interplay and similar relations in other virus/host fungus systems are detectable. We propose to establish the family Yadokariviridae that accommodates YkV1 and recently discovered viruses phylogenetically related to YkV1. This article overviews what is known and unknown about the YkV1/YnV1 interactions. Also discussed are the YnV1 Phytoreo_S7 and YkV1 2A-like domains that may have been captured via horizontal transfer during the course of evolution and are conserved across extant diverse RNA viruses. Lastly, evolutionary scenarios are envisioned for YkV1 and YnV1

Three-Layered Complex Interactions among Capsidless (+)ssRNA Yadokariviruses, dsRNA Viruses, and a Fungus

We have previously discovered a virus neo-lifestyle exhibited by a capsidless positive-sense (+), single-stranded (ss) RNA virus YkV1 (family Yadokariviridae) and an unrelated double-stranded (ds) RNA virus YnV1 (proposed family "Yadonushiviridae") in a phytopathogenic ascomycete, Rosellinia necatrix. YkV1 has been proposed to replicate in the capsid provided by YnV1 as if it were a dsRNA virus and enhance YnV1 replication in return. Recently, viruses related to YkV1 (yadokariviruses) have been isolated from diverse ascomycetous fungi. However, it remains obscure whether such viruses generally show the YkV1-like lifestyle. Here, we identified partner viruses for three distinct yadokariviruses, YkV3, YkV4a, and YkV4b, isolated from R. necatrix that were coinfected with multiple dsRNA viruses phylogenetically distantly related to YnV1. We first established transformants of R. necatrix carrying single yadokarivirus cDNAs and fused them with infectants by single partner candidate dsRNA viruses. Consequently, YkV3 and YkV4s replicated only in the presence of RnMBV3 (family Megabirnaviridae) and RnMTV1 (proposed family "Megatotiviridae"), respectively. The partners were mutually interchangeable between the two YkV4 strains and three RnMTV1 strains but not between other combinations involving YkV1 or YkV3. In contrast to YkV1 enhancing YnV1 accumulation, YkV4s reduced RnMTV1 accumulation to different degrees according to strains. Interestingly, YkV4 rescued the host R. necatrix from impaired growth induced by RnMTV1. YkV3 exerted no apparent effect on its partner (RnMBV3) or host fungus. Overall, we revealed that while yadokariviruses generally require partner dsRNA viruses for replication, each yadokarivirus partners with a different dsRNA virus species in the three diverse families and shows a distinct symbiotic relation in a fungus. IMPORTANCE A capsidless (+)ssRNA virus YkV1 (family Yadokariviridae) highjacks the capsid of an unrelated dsRNA virus YnV1 (proposed family "Yadonushiviridae") in a phytopathogenic ascomycete, while YkV1 trans-enhances YnV1 replication. Herein, we identified the dsRNA virus partners of three yadokariviruses (YkV3, YkV4a, and YkV4b) with genome organization different from YkV1 as being different from YnV1 at the suborder level. Their partners were mutually interchangeable between the two YkV4 strains and three strains of the partner virus RnMTV1 (proposed family "Megatotiviridae") but not between other combinations involving YkV1 or YkV3. Unlike YkV1, YkV4s reduced RnMTV1 accumulation and rescued the host fungus from impaired growth induced by RnMTV1. YkV3 exerted no apparent effect on its partner (RnMBV3, family Megabirnaviridae) or host fungus. These revealed that while each yadokarivirus has a species-specific partnership with a dsRNA virus, yadokariviruses collectively partner extremely diverse dsRNA viruses and show three-layered complex mutualistic/antagonistic interactions in a fungus