Kondisi Geografis, Sosial Politik Dan Hukum Di Makkah Dan Madinah Pada Masa Awal Islam

AbstractThis paper wants to examine the geographical, social political and legal conditions in Makkah and Madinah in the early days of Islam. The initial period of Islam referred to here is the time the Prophet Muhammad was still alive and appointed as an Apostle. This period is the period of emergence and growth of Islamic law. This study is considered important to know how the law appears and applies when the things that influence it exist. The method used is library research. The geographical conditions of Makkah are arid regions, while the geographical conditions of Medina are fertile areas. The weather in both regions is hot and dry. In terms of socio-political conditions, the traditions of the people who often fought between tribes to prolonged, turned into unity in the faith with the appointment of the Prophet Muhammad as leader. The legal condition is divided into two phases, namely the Makkah phase and the Medina phase. The Makkah phase is characterized by faith as a legal foundation, the phase of Medina is characterized by a complete law and is gradually derived. The legal structure in Makkah and Madinah is held by the Prophet Muhammad. The legal substance is in the form of Qur'an and Hadith, both of which come from the revelations of Allah Almighty. Legal culture shows that the people of Makkah and Madinah obey the law. This compliance is influenced by strong faith.Keywoords: the condition of Makkah and Madinah, the beginning of Islam, the enforcement of the lawAbstrakTulisan ini ingin mengkaji kondisi geografis, sosial politik dan hukum di Makkah dan Madinah pada masa awal Islam. Masa awal Islam yang dimaksud di sini adalah masa Nabi Muhammad saw masih hidup dan diangkat menjadi Rasul. Masa ini adalah masa kemunculan dan pertumbuhan hukum Islam. Kajian ini dinilai penting untuk mengetahui cara hukum muncul dan diberlakukan saat hal-hal yang memengaruhinya ada. Metode yang digunakan adalah library research.Kondisi geografis Makkah adalah daerah yang gersang, sedangkan kondisi geografis Madinah adalah daerah yang subur. Cuaca kedua wilayah ini panas dan kering. Dari segi kondisi sosial politik, tradisi masyarakat yang sering berperang antar suku hingga berkepanjangan, berubah menjadi persatuan dalam akidah dengan diangkatnya Nabi Muhammad saw sebagai pemimpin.Kondisi hukum terbagi pada dua fase, yaitu fase Makkah dan fase Madinah. Fase Makkah bercirikan akidah sebagai pondasi hukum, fase Madinah bercirikan hukum yang lengkap dan diturunkan secara bertahap.Struktur hukum di Makkah dan Madinah dipegang oleh Nabi Muhammad saw. Substansi hukumnya berupa Alquran dan Hadis, yang keduanya bersumber dari wahyu Allah swt. Budaya hukum menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat Makkah dan Madinah patuh terhadap hukum. Kepatuhan ini dipengaruhi akidah yang kuat.Kata kunci: kondisi Makkah dan Madinah, awal Islam, pemberlakuan huku

PENDAPAT ULAMA TERHADAP PRAKTIK SEWA-MENYEWA SAWAH DI KABUPATEN HULU SUNGAI TENGAH

Abstrak: Hukum sewa-menyewa pada dasarnya diperbolehkan oleh ajaran Islam. Di Kabupaten Hulu Sungai Tengah terjadi praktik sewa-menyewa sawah yang dalam pembayaran sewa pemilik sawah menetapkan pembayaran sewa dengan hasil dari sawah tersebut, permasalahannya adalah kalau sawah mengalami kekeringan atau terkena hama yang mengakibatkan petani (penyewa) mengalami kerugian maka pemilik sawah (orang yang menyewakan) tetap mempunyai hak untuk menerima bagian yang telah ditentukan, sehingga dalam hal ini ada salah satu pihak yang dirugikan. Rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana pendapat ulama terhadap praktik sewa-menyewa sawah di kabupaten Hulu Sungai Tengah dan apa yang menjadi alasan dan dasar hukum pendapat ulama terhadap praktik sewa-menyewa sawah di Kabupaten Hulu Sungai Tengah. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian lapangan, bersifat deskriptif kualitatif yang berlokasi di Kabupaten Hulu Sungai Tengah.Peneliti melakukan wawancara terhadap 10 orang ulama sebagai responden.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa benar akad ini pada subtansinya ialah sewa-menyewa dan sekilas memang tidak ada permasalahan, akan tetapi pada saat pelaksanaanya terdapat unsur gharar dan indikaasi maysir dikarenakan dalam pembayaran sewa bahwasanya pemilik sawah akan menerima pembayaran sewa yang telah ditentukan jumlahnya dan dipastikan sekian belek (takaran)nya, padahal total jumlah perolehan hasil padi dari sawah yang akan dipenen penyewa (penggarap) pun belum diketahui secara pasti baik kualitas maupun kuantitasnya. Oleh karena itu menurut penulis praktik tersebut harus dihindari. Terdapat tiga kesimpulan hukum dari pendapat ulama Kabupaten Hulu Sungai Tengah terhadap praktik sewa-menyewa sawah, yaitu boleh, tidak boleh dan makruh

PARADIGMA FIKIH SUNGAI: TELAAH KEBIJAKAN PEMERINTAH DAN PEMAHAMAAN MASYARAKAT TERHADAP KONSERVASI SUNGAI DI KOTA BANJARMASIN

Kota Banjarmasin merupakan kota yang memiliki begitu banyak aliran sungai dan dihuni mayoritas oleh kaum muslim, yang seyogyanya mengerti akan pentingnya manfaat sungai karena Islam mengajarkan hal tersebut. Namun kenyataannya masih banyak masyarakat yang membuang sampah ke aliran sungai bahkan membangun pemukiman di bantaran sungai. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efektivitas implementasi kebijakan pemerintah terhadap konservasi sungai di Kota Banjarmasin dan mengetahui respon masyarakat muslim Banjarmasin terhadap kebijakan pemerintah terkait konservasi sungai di Kota Banjarmasin, serta mengetahui sejauh mana kultur pemahaman keagamaan dan persepsi masyarakat muslim di Kota Banjarmasin yang dapat mendukung terhadap upaya pemanfaatan dan konservasi sungai. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian lapangan, dengan masyarakat kota Banjarmasin dan dinas-dinas terkait sebagai subyek penelitian. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah wawancara, observasi dan studi dokumentasi. Teknik analisis penelitian secara deskriptif dan menggunakan modal teoritik yang dimiliki oleh peneliti. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diketahui bawah Kebijakan konservasi sungai telah diatur dalam berbagai regulasi oleh Pemerintah Kota Banjarmasin, bahkan menjadi isu strategis dalam perencanaan tata ruang wilayah Kota Banjarmasin 2013-2032. Kebijakan tersebut mendapat respon positif dari masyarakat Kota Banjarmasin, namun partisipasi dan keterlibatan mereka terhadap konsevasi sungai masih rendah. Selain itu, pemahaman keagamaan masyarakat muslim di Kota Banjarmasin dalam pemanfaatan dan konservasi sungai juga masih rendah karena belum didukung oleh pengetahuan mereka terhadap konsep fikih dan aturan-aturan terkait pemanfaatan air dan pelestarian sumber air dan konservasi lingkungan. Banjarmasin city is a city that has so many rivers and is inhabited by the majority of Muslims, who should understand about the importance of the rivers’ benefits because Islam teaches it. However, in reality there are still many people who throw garbage into the river, even build settlements along the river. The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of the implementation of government policies on river conservation in Banjarmasin City and to know the response of the Banjarmasin Muslim community to government policies related to river conservation in Banjarmasin City, and to know the extent to which the culture of religious comprehension and perceptions of the Muslim community in Banjarmasin City can support the river utilization and conservation efforts. This research is a field research, with the people of Banjarmasin city and related agencies as research subjects. The techniques of data collection used were interviews, observation and documentation study. The research analysis technique is descriptive and uses theoretical capital owned by the researcher. Based on the research results, it is known that the river conservation policy has been regulated in various regulations by Government of the Banjarmasin City, and has even become a strategic issue in the spatial planning of Banjarmasin City 2013-2032. This policy received a positive response from the people of Banjarmasin City, but their participation and involvement in the river conservation was still low. In addition, the religious understanding of the Muslim community in Banjarmasin City in the use and conservation of rivers is also still low because their knowledge is not supported by their knowledge of the fiqh concept and rules related to water use and preservation of water sources and environmental conservation

TUALANG HONEY ATTENUATES KAINIC ACID-INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS IN RAT CEREBELLUM AND BRAINSTEM

Objective: The present study examined the protective effect of tualang honey (TH) against kainic acid (KA)-induced oxidative stress in the cerebellum and brainstem of rats.Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: Control, KA-treated, TH+KA-treated, and topiramate (TPM, an antiepileptic agent)+KA-treated groups. Rats were pretreated orally with drinking water, TH (1.0 g/kg body weight), or TPM (40 mg/kg body weight), respectively, five times at 12 h intervals. Saline or KA (15 mg/kg body weight) were injected subcutaneously 30 min after last oral treatment. Rats were sacrificed at 2 h, 24 h, and 48 h after KA administration. Oxidative stress markers were analyzed in different brain regions (cerebellum and brainstem) 2 h, 24 h, and 48 h after KA administration.Results: KA caused significant (p<0.05) elevation in the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances level, protein carbonyl contents, and nitric oxide production, impairment of glutathione system, and a significant reduction in the total antioxidant status in the rat cerebellum and brainstem at multiple time-points, as compared to control groups. Pretreatment with TH significantly (p<0.05) reduced the elevation in the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances level, protein carbonyl contents, and nitric oxide production and increasing a reduction in the total antioxidant status in the rat cerebellum and brainstem induced by KA at multiple time-points, as compared to KA only-treated group.Conclusion: Taken together, this study suggests that TH has therapeutic potential in reducing oxidative stress in the cerebellum and brainstem of KA-induced rats via its antioxidant property

Ethnicity Modifies the Relationships of Insulin Resistance, Inflammation, and Adiponectin With Obesity in a Multiethnic Asian Population

10.2337/dc10-2097Diabetes Care3451120-1126DICA

Natural Products and Their Bioactive Compounds: Neuroprotective Potentials against Neurodegenerative Diseases

In recent years, natural products, which originate from plants, animals, and fungi, together with their bioactive compounds have been intensively explored and studied for their therapeutic potentials for various diseases such as cardiovascular, diabetes, hypertension, reproductive, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are characterized by the progressive dysfunction and loss of neuronal structure and function that resulted in the neuronal cell death. Since the multifactorial pathological mechanisms are associated with neurodegeneration, targeting multiple mechanisms of actions and neuroprotection approach, which involves preventing cell death and restoring the function to damaged neurons, could be promising strategies for the prevention and therapeutic of neurodegenerative diseases. Natural products have emerged as potential neuroprotective agents for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. This review focused on the therapeutic potential of natural products and their bioactive compounds to exert a neuroprotective effect on the pathologies of neurodegenerative diseases

PARADIGMA FIKIH SUNGAI: TELAAH KEBIJAKAN PEMERINTAH DAN PEMAHAMAAN MASYARAKAT TERHADAP KONSERVASI SUNGAI DI KOTA BANJARMASIN

Kota Banjarmasin merupakan kota yang memiliki begitu banyak aliran sungai dan dihuni mayoritas oleh kaum muslim, yang seyogyanya mengerti akan pentingnya manfaat sungai karena Islam mengajarkan hal tersebut. Namun kenyataannya masih banyak masyarakat yang membuang sampah ke aliran sungai bahkan membangun pemukiman di bantaran sungai. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efektivitas implementasi kebijakan pemerintah terhadap konservasi sungai di Kota Banjarmasin dan mengetahui respon masyarakat muslim Banjarmasin terhadap kebijakan pemerintah terkait konservasi sungai di Kota Banjarmasin, serta mengetahui sejauh mana kultur pemahaman keagamaan dan persepsi masyarakat muslim di Kota Banjarmasin yang dapat mendukung terhadap upaya pemanfaatan dan konservasi sungai. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian lapangan, dengan masyarakat kota Banjarmasin dan dinas-dinas terkait sebagai subyek penelitian. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah wawancara, observasi dan studi dokumentasi. Teknik analisis penelitian secara deskriptif dan menggunakan modal teoritik yang dimiliki oleh peneliti. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diketahui bawah Kebijakan konservasi sungai telah diatur dalam berbagai regulasi oleh Pemerintah Kota Banjarmasin, bahkan menjadi isu strategis dalam perencanaan tata ruang wilayah Kota Banjarmasin 2013-2032. Kebijakan tersebut mendapat respon positif dari masyarakat Kota Banjarmasin, namun partisipasi dan keterlibatan mereka terhadap konsevasi sungai masih rendah. Selain itu, pemahaman keagamaan masyarakat muslim di Kota Banjarmasin dalam pemanfaatan dan konservasi sungai juga masih rendah karena belum didukung oleh pengetahuan mereka terhadap konsep fikih dan aturan-aturan terkait pemanfaatan air dan pelestarian sumber air dan konservasi lingkungan. Banjarmasin city is a city that has so many rivers and is inhabited by the majority of Muslims, who should understand about the importance of the rivers’ benefits because Islam teaches it. However, in reality there are still many people who throw garbage into the river, even build settlements along the river. The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of the implementation of government policies on river conservation in Banjarmasin City and to know the response of the Banjarmasin Muslim community to government policies related to river conservation in Banjarmasin City, and to know the extent to which the culture of religious comprehension and perceptions of the Muslim community in Banjarmasin City can support the river utilization and conservation efforts. This research is a field research, with the people of Banjarmasin city and related agencies as research subjects. The techniques of data collection used were interviews, observation and documentation study. The research analysis technique is descriptive and uses theoretical capital owned by the researcher. Based on the research results, it is known that the river conservation policy has been regulated in various regulations by Government of the Banjarmasin City, and has even become a strategic issue in the spatial planning of Banjarmasin City 2013-2032. This policy received a positive response from the people of Banjarmasin City, but their participation and involvement in the river conservation was still low. In addition, the religious understanding of the Muslim community in Banjarmasin City in the use and conservation of rivers is also still low because their knowledge is not supported by their knowledge of the fiqh concept and rules related to water use and preservation of water sources and environmental conservation

Tualang honey and DHA-rich fish oil reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the rat brain following exposure to chronic stress

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of Tualang honey (TH), DHA-rich fish oil, and their combination on the concentrations of selected pro-inflammatory cytokines in rat brains following exposure to chronic stress. Methods: Fifty male SpragueeDawley rats were divided into (i) control, (ii) stress-exposed, (iii) stress-exposed and treated with TH (1 g/kg body weight twice daily via oral gavage), (iv) stress-exposed and treated with DHA-rich fish oil (450 mg/kg body weight twice daily via oral gavage), and (v) stress-exposed and treated with a combination of TH and DHA-rich fish oil. The chronic stress regimen consisted of a combination of restraint stress and a swim stress test for 28 days. The concentrations of selected pro-inflammatory cytokines in brain homogenates (TNF-a, IL6, and IFN-g) were measured by ELISA. Results: The concentrations of TNF-a, IL6, and IFN-g in brain homogenates from the DHA, TH, and TH þ DHA-treated groups were significantly lower compared to the control and stress-only-exposed groups (p < 0.05), but no difference was observed between treatment groups. Conclusion: Consumption of DHA-rich fish oil and TH can be effective in lowering pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in the brains of rats under chronic stress conditions. However, consuming these agents together does not provide additional benefits compared to taking them separately

Tualang Honey Reduced Neuroinflammation and Caspase-3 Activity in Rat Brain after Kainic Acid-Induced Status Epilepticus

The protective effect of tualang honey (TH) on neuroinflammation and caspase-3 activity in rat cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and brainstem after kainic acid- (KA-) induced status epilepticus was investigated. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were pretreated orally with TH (1.0 g/kg body weight) five times at 12 h intervals. KA (15 mg/kg body weight) was injected subcutaneously 30 min after last oral treatment. Rats were sacrificed at 2 h, 24 h, and 48 h after KA administration. Neuroinflammation markers and caspase-3 activity were analyzed in different brain regions 2 h, 24 h, and 48 h after KA administration. Administration of KA induced epileptic seizures. KA caused significant (p < 0.05) increase in the level of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), allograft inflammatory factor 1 (AIF-1), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and increase in the caspase-3 activity in the rat cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and brainstem at multiple time points. Pretreatment with TH significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the elevation of TNF-α, IL-1β, GFAP, AIF-1, and COX-2 level in those brain regions at multiple time points and attenuated the increased caspase-3 activity in the cerebral cortex. In conclusion, TH reduced neuroinflammation and caspase-3 activity after kainic acid- (KA-) induced status epilepticus