Bayesian Inference on the Variance of Normal Distribution Using Moving Extremes Ranked Set Sampling

Bayesian inference of the variance of the normal distribution is considered using moving extremes ranked set sampling (MERSS) and is compared with the simple random sampling (SRS) method. Generalized maximum likelihood estimators (GMLE), confidence intervals (CI), and different testing hypotheses are considered using simple hypothesis versus simple hypothesis, simple hypothesis versus composite alternative, and composite hypothesis versus composite alternative based on MERSS and compared with SRS. It is shown that modified inferences using MERSS are more efficient than their counterparts based on SRS

On Maximum Likelihood Estimators of the Parameters of a Modified Weibull Distribution Using Extreme Ranked Set Sampling

Extreme ranked set sampling (ERSS) is considered to estimate the three parameters and population mean of the modified Weibull distribution (MWD). The maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) is investigated and compared to the corresponding one based on simple random sampling (SRS). It is found that, the MLE based on ERSS is more efficient than MLE using SRS for estimating the three parameters of the MWD. The ERSS estimator of the population mean of the MWD is also found to be more efficient than the SRS based on the same number of measured units

Antibody responses to acute COVID-19 infection; assessment via multiplex LABScreen COVID Plus Assay

Background: Understanding the profile of antibody responses following acute COVID-19 infection is required. Aim: to describe the pattern of IgG anti-COVID-19 antibody production in patients with acute infection using the LABScreen COVID Plus assay. Results: The overall seropositivity was 69/73(94.5%). Anti-Spike, Spike 1 and spike S2 subunits were positive in 78.1%, while anti spike receptor binding domain  (RBD) was detected in 68.4% and anti nucleocapsid protein in 61.6%. The overall positivity of the assay reached 100.0% during the second week post symptoms. The mean fluorescent intensities (MFI) of anti-Spike S1 was higher in the second week than the first week, p < /em>=0.03. MFI of anti-Spike S2 was significantly higher in PCR positive patients in comparison with the negative ones, p < /em>=0.006. When compared to the RT-PCR results; the overall antibodies positivity, anti-Spike, and anti-Spike2 antibodies had sensitivities (100% and 84.7%) and specificities (28.6% and 50.0%) and accuracies (86.3% and 78.1%).  Patients' outcome correlated significantly with the time of hospital admission, p < /em>=0.001. Conclusion: COVID-19 IgG antibodies are detectable with considerable frequencies during the first two weeks post infection. Anti S2 antibodies correlates well with the RT-PCR results. The LABScreen COVID Plus is a sensitive assay for the detection of post-acute COVID-19 infection antibody responses.Background: Understanding the profile of antibody responses following acute COVID-19 infection is required. Aim: to describe the pattern of IgG anti-COVID-19 antibody production in patients with acute infection using the LABScreen COVID Plus assay. Results: The overall seropositivity was 69/73(94.5%). Anti-Spike, Spike 1 and spike S2 subunits were positive in 78.1%, while anti spike receptor binding domain  (RBD) was detected in 68.4% and anti nucleocapsid protein in 61.6%. The overall positivity of the assay reached 100.0% during the second week post symptoms. The mean fluorescent intensities (MFI) of anti-Spike S1 was higher in the second week than the first week, p < /em>=0.03. MFI of anti-Spike S2 was significantly higher in PCR positive patients in comparison with the negative ones, p < /em>=0.006. When compared to the RT-PCR results; the overall antibodies positivity, anti-Spike, and anti-Spike2 antibodies had sensitivities (100% and 84.7%) and specificities (28.6% and 50.0%) and accuracies (86.3% and 78.1%).  Patients' outcome correlated significantly with the time of hospital admission, p < /em>=0.001. Conclusion: COVID-19 IgG antibodies are detectable with considerable frequencies during the first two weeks post infection. Anti S2 antibodies correlates well with the RT-PCR results. The LABScreen COVID Plus is a sensitive assay for the detection of post-acute COVID-19 infection antibody responses

The impact of monetary policy on inflation rates in Algeria is a record study during the period 1990-2017

نهدف من خلال هذه الورقة البحثية إلى دراسة أثر السياسة النقدية على التضخم في الجزائر خلال الفترة 1990-2017، وذلك بالاعتماد على منهجية التكامل المشترك، ومن خلال هذه الدراسة تبين لنا أن متغيرات النموذج هي في حالة تكامل مشترك وهذا ما أدى بنا إلى تقدير نموذج تصحيح الخطأ والعلاقة في الأجلين القصير والطويل، وكانت نتائج التقدير مقبولة اقتصاديا وإحصائيا وتبين أن للكتلة النقدية أثر إيجابي ومعنوي على معدلات التضخم في الجزائر خلال الفترة 1990-2017.This paper aims to study the impact of monetary policy on inflation in Algeria during the period 1990-2017, based on the methodology of cointegration, and through this study shows that the model variables are in the case of cointegration and this led us to estimate the correction model The results of the assessment were economically and statistically acceptable and the Monetary mass had a positive and significant effect on the inflation rates in Algeria during the period 1990-2017

Feasibility study of industrial projects using Simos’ procedure

Feasibility study is conducted in a stage prior to design, procurement and construction stages in order to determine the viability of project undertaken by an investor. This helps investors to decide whether to proceed with the project or not. Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) process can be utilized in the feasibility study stage to avoid wrong decisions might cause undesired losses. In industrial projects, wrong decisions might lead to bankruptcy of crucial economic entities. Private investors might have good initiative and the capital to establish economically successful projects but they might either select the inappropriate type of industry that might turn the investment to a failure or might not include some important/crucial considerations into account. This paper presents a key-list of gathered factors that are considered the important factors and affect the selection of industrial projects. Importance, relative importance and weights of these factors are determined using Simos’ procedure. The key-list has been applied on five case-studies of industrial projects and a Weighted-Sum Model (WSM) has been selected as a MCDM technique in order to acquire their final preferences, rank them and consequently come-up with the most preferred/suitable alternative to be constructed. Then, a sensitivity analysis has been performed to determine the most critical criterion of the key-list. Additionally, several scenarios have been processed to verify that the most important criterion of the key-list does not necessarily be the most critical criterion. Moreover, the sensitivity analysis also determines the most critical measure of performance assembled from the five casestudies

Clinical evaluation of patients suffering from breast cancer and determination of evolving treatment therapies and better strategies related to breast cancer

Abstract: Breast cancer is basically the lesion of female breast that may create from the connective tissue or epithelial cells of breast.Primary objective: The objective of study was to conduct a survey about the prevailing of rate of breast cancer in community of Rawalakot, Islamabad and local community and to find out strategies used for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of breast cancer. Methods/Design: A well structure questionnaire including 35 questions about the history, sociodemograhic characteristics, diagnostic tools, treatment plans and prevention methods has been prepared and circulated among the patients of breast cancer through survey. Setting: Study was conducted in Rawalakot and Islamabad Pakistan Participants: 50 participants were involved Intervention: The study was also conducted to communicate with larger community of breast cancer patients and to give them awareness related to initial diagnosis of this harmful disease. Primary Outcome Measures: This study was very very helpful in educated and non-educated community of the specific cities . Results: While conducting the research based on studies, it was found that about 68.84% patients has been report with the reoccurrence of breast cancer after surgery, 70% patients have been diagnosed with invasive type and 30% non-invasive type and 50% have been treated with hormonal therapy as continued treatment after surgery. Conclusion : Breast cancer variation among population or regional differences in the types have been attribute to the prevalence of major risk factors, availability and use of medical practices such as cancer screening, availability and quality of treatment, completeness of reporting and age structure.

Rational Use of Antibiotics and Requisition of Pharmacist

ABSTRACT Background: Direct consequence of microbes developing resistance against antibiotics is prolonged hospitalization, increased treatment cost and duration. Increased duration of hospitalization causes prolonged use antibiotics which results towards side effects. Primary Study Objective: The purpose of antibiotics use is either to kill the microbes (bactericidal) or slows down their growth (bacteriostatic). Irrational use of antibiotics makes them do their exact opposite. Instead of killing microbes or slowing down their growth, it allows microbes to develop resistance against antibiotics. Methods/Design: An observational concurrent study was performed in which data was collected. Individuals were interviewed using structured questionnaire. Percentage of rationality and irrationality of antibiotics use was observed. Additionally percentage of prescribed class of antibiotics was also observed in patients. Setting: Health care system includes: Quaid e Azam International Hospital Islamabad, Benazir Hospital Rawalpindi, CMH Rawalakot AJK, Amna Hospital Rawalakot AJK, DHQ Kotli AJK Pakistan. Participants: This study was conducted on 100 patients of different health care systems, to whom antibiotics were prescribed. Most patients interviewed were female with UTI aged above 30 and adults male with RTI or chest infection. Intervention: Different patients were interviewed in different hospital settings to evaluate the rational use of antibiotics Primary Outcome Measures: Rational use of antibiotics is using antibiotics according to the guidelines provided by WHO. Major guidelines include:  patient receives medication according to their clinical needs, dosage appropriate to the individual requirements and for specific duration of time with low cost. Results: 47 percent of these patients were using antibiotics rationally and 53 percent were taking antibiotics medication irrationally. The most prevalent form of irrational use was patients without counseling about the antibiotics use. Patients with poor knowledge about the use of antibiotics were 84 among the 100. Irrational use of antibiotics in the form of pre-mature discontinuation was reported 56 patients among the 100. Patient who irrationally use antibiotics as OTC or Self medications were 38 among the 100. Conclusion: Major form of irrationality found in the study was no proper counseling provided to the patients by specialist physician or Pharmacists. The reason we critically observed for this is the burden of patients on physicians due to which they are not able to properly guide patients. The community on which this study was conducted has a major absence of pharmacist. Dispensers and pharmacy technicians are performing pharmacist’s tasks. Absence of pharmacist leads to dosage dispensing errors, lack of professional medical counseling, and no drug utilization revie

Awareness of Nephrolithiasis in Educated Community of Azad Kashmir Pakistan: -

Background: Renal stone is an important health problem in the world and is the most common disease in the urinary tract system. It is particularly a common problem in many countries Knowledge and lifestyle attitude of individuals toward renal stone plays a role in delivering optimum management. Primary Study Objective: To determine the public awareness of renal stones causes, symptoms, and management among the population of AJK Pakistan Setting: General population of all the ages was under consideration and data were taken from the general population Participants: This study was conducted on 100 patients from different areas  Methods: The data of this quantitative cross-sectional study was collected from participants of AJK. Participants were given a self-administered questionnaire written in English. August 2020 to September 2020. individuals of all ages are included in this study. Results: Out of hundred participants we determine the awareness among the educational community of AJK. All category of individuals is involved in our research married and unmarried people and students with arts and science subjects. About 13% of males and 87% of females are involved in our research with different ages. Conclusion: This data indicates that the participants are to some degree aware of some aspects of renal stone prevention, symptoms, and modes of diagnosis and treatment. Individuals who experienced renal stones were more knowledgeable in some respects. Further emphasis on public awareness of renal stones is recommended

Viral etiology, seasonality and severity of hospitalized patients with severe acute respiratory infections in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 2007-2014.

INTRODUCTION: Little is known about the role of viral respiratory pathogens in the etiology, seasonality or severity of severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. METHODS: Sentinel surveillance for SARI was conducted from December 2007 through February 2014 at 20 hospitals in Egypt, Jordan, Oman, Qatar and Yemen. Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs were collected from hospitalized patients meeting SARI case definitions and were analyzed for infection with influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus (AdV), human metapneumovirus (hMPV) and human parainfluenza virus types 1-3 (hPIV1-3). We analyzed surveillance data to calculate positivity rates for viral respiratory pathogens, describe the seasonality of those pathogens and determine which pathogens were responsible for more severe outcomes requiring ventilation and/or intensive care and/or resulting in death. RESULTS: At least one viral respiratory pathogen was detected in 8,753/28,508 (30.7%) samples tested for at least one pathogen and 3,497/9,315 (37.5%) of samples tested for all pathogens-influenza in 3,345/28,438 (11.8%), RSV in 3,942/24,503 (16.1%), AdV in 923/9,402 (9.8%), hMPV in 617/9,384 (6.6%), hPIV1 in 159/9,402 (1.7%), hPIV2 in 85/9,402 (0.9%) and hPIV3 in 365/9,402 (3.9%). Multiple pathogens were identified in 501/9,316 (5.4%) participants tested for all pathogens. Monthly variation, indicating seasonal differences in levels of infection, was observed for all pathogens. Participants with hMPV infections and participants less than five years of age were significantly less likely than participants not infected with hMPV and those older than five years of age, respectively, to experience a severe outcome, while participants with a pre-existing chronic disease were at increased risk of a severe outcome, compared to those with no reported pre-existing chronic disease. CONCLUSIONS: Viral respiratory pathogens are common among SARI patients in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Ongoing surveillance is important to monitor changes in the etiology, seasonality and severity of pathogens of interest