ارزیابی آئروسل‌های باکتریایی و قارچی در بخش‌های مختلف بیمارستان‌های شهر ملایر در سال 1390

زمینه و هدف: بیوآئروسل‌ها، ذرات هوابردی هستند که می‌توانند باعث اثرات بهداشتی گسترده‌ای شامل عفونت‌های بیمارستانی و شغلی، اثرات سمی حاد، آلرژی‌ها سرطان شوند. ازاینرو هدف از این مطالعه ارزیابی کمی و کیفی بیوآئروسل‌های موجود در بخش‌های مختلف بیمارستان‌های شهر ملایر بود. مواد و روش‌ها: در این مطالعه توصیفی- مقطعی، نمونه‌برداری از 12 بخش از دو بیمارستان شهر ملایر انجام شد. نمونه‌‌برداری‌های باکتریایی و قارچی براساس روش کمیته بیوآئروسل ACGIH انجام شدند. نمونه‌ها بلافاصله به محیط کشت آگار خونی و سابرودکستروز آگار منتقل و کشت داده شدند و سپس در آزمایشگاه تعداد و نوع کلنی‌های تشکیل شده، شمارش شده و تعیین گردیدند. در نهایت تراکم بیوآئروسول در هوا بر حسب cfu/m3 تعیین شد. نتایج: بطور کلی، حداکثر تراکم کلنی‌های باکتریایی (cfu/m3 27/21) و قارچی (cfu/m3 49/66) به ترتیب در بخش‌های اطفال و قلب یافت شدند. حداقل تراکم کلنی‌های باکتریایی (cfu/m374/8) و قارچی(cfu/m318/2) در بخش اتوکلاو یافت شد. شایعترین ارگانیسم‌های شناسایی شده به ترتیب استافیلوکوک کوآگولاز منفی (76/33%)، میکروکوک‌ها(23/%16) و باسیلوس‌ها (58/%15) بودند و پنیسیلیوم (9/50%)، کلادوسپوریوم (02/27%) و آسپرژیلوس (1/8%) فراوانترین قارچ‌های جداشده بودند. نتیجه‌گیری: به جز برخی موارد معدود، غلظت کلی بیوآئروسل‌ها در همه بخش‌ها پایینتر از مقدار رهنمودی (cfu/m3 30) بود. غلظت بالای بیوآئروسل‌ها در برخی بخش‌ها را می‌توان به عواملی نظیر استهلاک و فرسودگی ساختمان‌ها، تهویه نامناسب، ضدعفونی ناقص بخش‌ها و تعداد بالای بیماران و ملاقات‌کنندگان نسبت داد

Investigation of type and density of bio-aerosols in air samples from educational hospital wards of Kerman city, 2014

Background: Bio-aerosols in the air of hospital wards have an important role in the development of infections. It is important to make quantitative and qualitative estimations of microorganisms in the air of these wards as an index for environmental hygiene applicable to different hospital wards. The aim of the study was to investigate degrees of diversity and density of bio-aerosols in the education hospitals of Kerman city. Methods: This study applied a descriptive-cross-sectional methodology in the second half of 2014 in the education hospitals of Kerman city, with bed capacity of over 300. As many as 200 samples were collected from the air in different wards of each hospital using the standard method of the National Occupational Health and Safety Institute. Following collection, samples were placed in an incubator for 48 hours and then bio-aerosol detections were made for and resulting data reported as colonies/m3. Results: Results indicated that maximum and minimum degrees of bacterial density were observed in operation rooms and in the intensive care unit (ICU) of Shafa hospital. Furthermore, comparison showed that the operating room at Afzalipour hospital had the lowest level of fungal contamination, while ICU at Bahonar hospital had the highest level of fungal contamination. The emitted fungi of Aspergillus and Penicillium along with the bacteria, staphylococci and Acinetobacter had greater frequencies. The means of bacterial density and fungal density were not equal across the studied hospitals and significant statistical, difference was observed between means of bacterial and fungal density (P ≤ 0.001). Conclusion: Amounts of bacterial and fungal density were greater than those proposed in the American Industrial Health State Conference in 73.3% of the wards in the educational hospitals of Kerman city sampled in this study. Therefore it is suggested that implementation of some, necessary measures for continuous monitoring, promotion of hygienic disinfection standards, and ventilation systems are taken more seriously by stipulating regulations to control this important issue in the country’s hospitals. Keywords: Bacteria, Fungal, Bio-aerosol, Hospital, Kerma

Identification of airborne fungi’s concentrations in indoor and outdoor air of municipal wastewater treatment plant

Background: Airborne fungi play an important role the quality of indoor and outdoor air. The aim of this study was to investigate the concentration of airborne fungi around different parts of the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in the west of Ahvaz and its relationship with some important meteorological parameters. Methods: This study was conducted on a WWTP in the west of Ahvaz during 4 months in both cold and warm seasons. Samples were collected from 2- and 10-m intervals of the grit chamber (GCh), primary sludge dewatering basin (PSDB), and aeration tank (AT), as well as 60 m upstream (US), downstream (DS), and administrative building (AB) of the WWTP. Bioaerosols were collected using passive sampling method. Temperature, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, and ultraviolet index (UV) were also measured at the time of sampling. Results: The total concentration of fungi was 46.1 ± 43 CFU/plate/h. The highest concentration of fungi (92.2 ± 28.12 CFU/plate/h) was found 2 m away from the GCh in the cold season and the lowest one (24.6 ± 6.67 CFU/plate/h) was found at the 10-m distance of the AT in the warm season. The dominant fungal genus included Cladosporium, Alternaria, Yeast, and Aspergillus, respectively. Also, there was a significant relationship between the degree of fungal contamination in different units, the US and DS of the WWTP, and there was a negative relationship between the release of fungi and UV. Conclusion: According to the results, grit chamber plays an important role in releasing airborne fungi. Also, airborne fungi were reduced with an increase in distance and UV. Keywords: Bioaerosols, Fungi, Meteorological parameters, Wastewater treatment plan

Synthesis, Cytotoxicity, Biological Assessment and Molecular Docking of a few Dihydropyridines as Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors

Xanthine Oxidase (XO) inhibitors may contribute to the increased incidence of several inflammatory diseases such as gout. Inhibition of XO enzyme activity plays a significant role in the prevention and treatment of these types of diseases. The aim of present study were to synthesize, determine the cytotoxicity and biological activity, and molecular docking of a few Dihydropyridines as XO Inhibitors. The synthesis of a few 1, 4-dihydropyridine (DHP) derivatives (A-C) were evaluated for their cytotoxicity effects against MCF-7 and L929 cells. All the selected compounds / All the potential candidate compounds were also evaluated for their XO inhibitory activity. Molecular docking simulation was used to investigate the potential binding modes of DHP derivatives within XO binding site. The results of this study showed the superior cytotoxic activities of compound B against both tested cell lines, while no significant XO inhibitory activity was recorded for it. On the basis of molecular docking studies, different enzyme blocking activities might be attributed to the various binding sites with the enzyme active sites

Types and concentration of fungal bio-aerosols of indoor air of Imam Khomeini and Alavi hospitals in Ardabil city in 2016

Background and aims: bio-aerosols in indoor air of hospital wards are significant harmful factor for human health and play important role on nosocomial infections. Therefore, diversity and concentration of fungal bio-aerosols in indoor air of Imam Khomeini and Alavi hospital have been investigated in this study. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2 educational hospitals of Ardabil city in 2016. ZTHV02 sampler and sabarose dextrose agar along with chloramphenicol antibiotic were used to evaluate and determine the airborne fungal concentrations. Culture slide technique was applied to diagnose fungi and the colonies density was reported based on CFU/m3. Results: Mean fungi concentrations were 52.42 and 43.4 CFU/m3 in Emam and Alavi hospitals, respectively. Nursing station of dialysis ward in Imam Khomeini Hospital and vaginal delivery room and inpatient room of men urology and neurology in Alavi hospital had the highest fungal infection load. On the other hand the least fungal infection load were observed in dialysis and emergency respiratory isolation wards of Imam Khomeini and ICU in Alavi hospitals. The most prevalent fungi species isolated from air samples of Emam hospital was penicilium followed by Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus, Cladosporium and Candida and for Alvi hospital; penicilium followed by Aspergillus, Aspergillus niger, Paecilomyces and Candida. No significant correlations were found between fungi concentrations and temperature and humidity of the sampling sites. However, fungi levels significantly were higher in morning shift comparing to evening shift (p<0.01). Conclusion: High concentration of airborne fungi bio-aerosols in Ardabil hospitals may be important health risks for health workers and the patient

Assessment of bacterial bio-aerosols types and its concentration in the ambient air of educational hospitals of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences in 2016

Introduction: Microorganisms in hospitals are potential sources of infection to patients and staffs. Bioaerosol exposure is associated with a vast range of adverse health effects including infectious diseases, acute toxic effects, allergy. This study aimed to survey the type and density of bioaerosols in ambient air of different wards of educational hospitals Ardabil in 2016. Material and Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2 educational hospitals of Ardabil city in 2016. ZTHV02 sampler and Tryptic soy Agar along with Cycloheximide antibiotic were used to evaluate and determine the airborne bacterial counts. The average sampling time was 10 minutes. Air samples were transported to the lab just after sampling and incubated for 48 hours at 37 ºC. Then, raised colonies were counted. Bacterial density was expressed as CFU/m3 ± SD. Result: Mean bacterial concentrations were 10.3 and 23.4 CFU/m3 in Imam and Alavi hospitals, respectively. X-ray room in Imam Khomeini hospital and ICU room in Alavi hospital had the highest bacterial count. But, the least bacterial loads were observed in ICU and Angiography wards of Imam Khomeini and CTSCAN ward in Alavi hospitals. The most prevalent bacteria species isolated from air samples of Imam hospital was Enterococcus spp followed by Pseudomonas spp, coagulase negative Staphylococci spp and Non -Enterococcus group D Streptococci and for Alavi hospital; Coagulase negative Staphylococci spp followed by Psodomonas spp, Klebsilla spp and, Enterococcus spp. No significant correlations were found between bacterial counts, temperature and humidity of the sampling sites. However, bacteria density significantly were higher in morning shift comparing to evening shift (P <0.05). Conclusion: High concentration of airborne bacteria bio-aerosols in Ardabil hospitals can be important health risks for health workers and the patients