Adaptive Non-singleton Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Systems: A Way Forward for Handling Numerical Uncertainties in Real World Applications

Real world environments are characterized by high levels of linguistic and numerical uncertainties. A Fuzzy Logic System (FLS) is recognized as an adequate methodology to handle the uncertainties and imprecision available in real world environments and applications. Since the invention of fuzzy logic, it has been applied with great success to numerous real world applications such as washing machines, food processors, battery chargers, electrical vehicles, and several other domestic and industrial appliances. The first generation of FLSs were type-1 FLSs in which type-1 fuzzy sets were employed. Later, it was found that using type-2 FLSs can enable the handling of higher levels of uncertainties. Recent works have shown that interval type-2 FLSs can outperform type-1 FLSs in the applications which encompass high uncertainty levels. However, the majority of interval type-2 FLSs handle the linguistic and input numerical uncertainties using singleton interval type-2 FLSs that mix the numerical and linguistic uncertainties to be handled only by the linguistic labels type-2 fuzzy sets. This ignores the fact that if input numerical uncertainties were present, they should affect the incoming inputs to the FLS. Even in the papers that employed non-singleton type-2 FLSs, the input signals were assumed to have a predefined shape (mostly Gaussian or triangular) which might not reflect the real uncertainty distribution which can vary with the associated measurement. In this paper, we will present a new approach which is based on an adaptive non-singleton interval type-2 FLS where the numerical uncertainties will be modeled and handled by non-singleton type-2 fuzzy inputs and the linguistic uncertainties will be handled by interval type-2 fuzzy sets to represent the antecedents’ linguistic labels. The non-singleton type-2 fuzzy inputs are dynamic and they are automatically generated from data and they do not assume a specific shape about the distribution associated with the given sensor. We will present several real world experiments using a real world robot which will show how the proposed type-2 non-singleton type-2 FLS will produce a superior performance to its singleton type-1 and type-2 counterparts when encountering high levels of uncertainties.</jats:p

White matter integrity of the frontal brain and its relevance for catatonia and executive function

Catatonia is a CNS derived psychomotor syndrome comprising disturbed volition and aberrant motor and behavioral features. Targeted and effective treatment today is scarce and further impeded by its heterogeneous clinical representation across various CNS disorders. Moreover, respective research on the etiology and underlying cellular pathomechanisms are hampered by sustained conceptual limitations, inadequate clinical rating scales and the lack of reliable animal models. To this end, we had previously reported a catatonia-like phenotype in C57Bl/6 mice heterozygous for the major myelin genes Cnp and Mbp upon progressed age, along with indications of low-grade neuroinflammation. In the first project of my thesis, I thus addressed the question whether neuroinflammation of subcortical white matter is causative to catatonia in both mice and man. Neurological assessment of schizophrenic subjects (n=1095) revealed a high prevalence of catatonic signs (25%), which were more pronounced in carriers of a CNP loss-of-sunction SNP (rs207106-AA). Additionally, elevated signs of white matter hyperintensities were observed in carriers of the SNP in a general population sample by neuroimaging. Cnp-null mutant mice exhibit catatonic signs as early as 8 weeks of age. Importantly, microglia targeted treatment via the CSF1 receptor inhibitor PLX5622, successfully prevented the occurrence of the phenotype upon early treatment and further alleviated catatonic signs even at progressed age. The beneficial impact of PLX5622 on mouse behavior was accompanied by sustained reduction of neuropathology, i.e. microgliosis and neurodegeneration. Collectively these findings indeed suggest key involvement of impaired white matter integriy and neuroinflammation in the etiology of catatonia. Based on a follow-up study, which revealed a strong correlation of catatonia and executive dysfunction in mice and man, the objective of the second project was to determine the relevance of white matter integrity of the frontal brain in the etiology of the psychomotor syndrome. A novel mouseline, lacking the major myelin gene Plp1 in Emx1 expressing ventricular zone stem cells of the forebrain (cKO), was characterized on a behavioral and neuropathological scope. Longitudinal and elaborate behavioral assessment revealed an isolated catatonia-executive dysfunction in cKO mice of both genders, while no other behavioral domain was affected. Neuropathology revealed significant astro- and microgliosis along with neurodegeneration, exclusively in frontal strucutres such as the fimbria and corpus callosum, thereby confirming the crucial importance of white matter integrity of the frontal brain in the observed catatonia-like phenotype in the here reported mouse models

Flows in Vibrating Channels

A spectral algorithm based on the immersed boundary conditions (IBC) concept has been developed for the analysis of flows in channels bounded by vibrating walls. The vibrations take the form of travelling waves of arbitrary profile. The algorithm uses a fixed computational domain with the flow domain immersed in its interior. Boundary conditions enter the algorithm in the form of constraints. The spatial discretization uses a Fourier expansion in the stream-wise direction and a Chebyshev expansion in the wall-normal direction. Use of the Galileo transformation converts the unsteady problem into a steady one. An efficient solver which takes advantage of the structure of the coefficient matrix has been used. It is demonstrated that the method can be extended to more extreme geometries using the over-determined formulation. Various tests confirm the spectral accuracy of the algorithm. Pressure losses in these types of channels have been analyzed. Mechanisms of drag generation have been studied. Analytical solutions have been determined in the limit of long wavelength waves and small amplitude waves in order to simplify identification of these mechanisms. The numerical algorithm has also been validated with the help of analytical solutions. Detailed analyses of different cases, i.e. wave propagation along one wall and both walls have been carried out. Different wave profiles have been considered in order to find forms of waves which minimize pressure losses in vibrating channels. The results show dependence of the pressure losses on the phase speed of the waves, with the waves propagating in the downstream direction reducing the pressure gradient required to maintain a fixed flow rate. A drag increase is observed when the waves propagate with a phase speed similar to the flow velocity

Realitas Citra Politik Tri Rismaharini

Tri Rismaharini (Risma) is the Mayor of Surabaya who had successfully led Surabaya during the period of 2010-2015. In 2015 mayoral election, Risma was re-elected as the Mayor of Surabaya. Risma has been known as a mayor who really concerns about environment. During her first tenure, Risma had built many city parks, successfully improved beauty of Surabaya. Such leadership style had attracted the public. In addition, Risma had become a media darling in both printed and electronic media, locally and nationally. This research used survey to capture society's perception toward the leadearship of Risma during 2010-2015. Sample were collected from group leaders and society in general. There are 50 opinion leaders samples consists of academician, businessmen, artist, religious leader, non-governmental organization, politician, and mass media. This research concludes that Risma had successfully constructed her image as a good mayor by conducting populist programs to attract more public attentions than carrying out substantial programs to solve crucial problems as public priorities and needs. It indicates that Risma insisted to frame herself as a caring and lovely leader. In fact, Risma had often become less powerful against the intervention of business persons who had capital strength in Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia

THE USE OF RECIPROCAL TEACHING PROCEDURE IN TEACHING NARRATIVE TEXTS TO IMPROVE STUDENTS’ READING COMPREHENSION

This study was aimed at investigating the implementation of Reciprocal Teaching Procedure (RTP) to improve students’ reading comprehension and finding out the students’ responses toward this method. Reciprocal Teaching Procedure is one of the teaching extensive reading methods that include four strategies: predicting, clarifying, summarizing, and questioning. The quasi-experimental design was utilized in order to collect the data, in which two classes were taken as the samples of this study. The data were collected through pre-test and post-test which were analyzed by using SPSS 20 and ANATES v5 for Windows. The data analysis of the independent t-test showed that there was a significant difference between the post-test means of the control group and the experimental group. Moreover, the data analysis of the dependent t-test showed that there was an improvement of the experimental group’s scores in post-test. Therefore, it could be said that the use of Reciprocal Teaching Procedure was considered effective in improving the students’ reading comprehension. Furthermore, based on the findings of the questionnaire, Reciprocal Teaching Procedure has lots of benefit in teaching reading, such as helping the students to comprehend the text easily, encouraging the students to be more active and communicative in every activity, and improving students’ interest in reading. Thus, it could be concluded that the students’ responses toward the application of Reciprocal Teaching Procedure were positive

The Use of the Indirect Hemagglutination Test for the Diagnosis of Extra - Intestinal Amebiasis in Jakarta

Mikro indirek hemagglutinasi test dengan antigen axenik dari Entamoeba histolytica telah dipakai untuk mendapatkan zat2 anti amuba dalam sera dari 15 kasus abses hati yang pasti dan 4 kasus yang tidak pasti, 13 kasus disenteri amubawi akuta, 6 kasus colitis amur.awi chronis, satu asymptomatik carrier, 39 pasien yang menderita penyakit! lain dari 43 donor darah. Sera dari abses hati terdapat 100 per sen positif untuk zat anti amuba sedangkan sera dari orang2 dengan colitis amubawi chronis dan sera dari kasus disenteri amubawi akuta terdapat positif dalam urutan 50 dan 15 persen. Titer dari sera abses hati berkisar antara 1 : 128 dan 1 : 4096 dan titer dari sera amubiasis intestinalis yang positif adalah 1 : 128. Dari kedua kontrol grup tidak terdapat zat2 anti dengan titer lebih dari 1 : 64 (tabel 1 dan 2). Dari penyelidikan ini dapat diambil kesimpulan bahwa test indirek hemagglutinasi test dapat dipakai untuk occult invasive amubiasis bila metoda.2 yang lazim gagal menemukan parasit

Infrared study of hydrogen bonding of methanol in the liquid phase

The V(_s)(OH) band of methanol in binary system has been studied by using infrared spectroscopy, over the whole concentration range between 0.01 - 0.7 methanol mole fraction. The aim of this study is to analyze this band which is very complicated, due to overlapping between its band components, and to correlate the results to the possible underlying equilibrium. Also the change in the V(_s)(OE) band shape across the concentration range, imposed the necessity of studying the V(-s)(OH) of methanol in non-polar solvent at a very low concentrations (0.0049 to 0.0246 mol/dm(^3)) in order to identify the existing varieties of methanol hydrogen bonded species, as well as the monomer. A study of the V(_s)(OH) for methanol in the ternary system (CH(_3)OH/CH(_3)CN/CCL(_4)) was undertaken, in order to defferentiate the band components of the hydrogen bonded complexes formed from methanol and acetonitrile molecules, from the hydrogen bonded methanol aggregates. This study was carried out in a concentration range of 0.0044 to 0.0177 mol/dm(^3). For the binary system, because of the complexes of the bands, a band fitting programs were used as a means of estimating the number of bands present, their positions and band shapes of each component. As a result, this study has shown that the I.R. data for methanol in acetonitrile band fitting model contained: monomer, dimer, 1:1 and 2:1 complexes, trimer, tetramer and pentamer species