100 research outputs found

    Women and Work in Hamilton, Ontario: A Case Study and a Research Challenge

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    This article tests two hypotheses about the labour force participation of women in Hamilton in 1911: first, that single women took paid jobs to compensate for lack of jobs or low earnings among male kin; second, that the need for labour in their households discouraged single women from entering the labour force. These hypotheses are tested by using the entire population of Hamilton, as recorded in the 1911 census. Neither hypothesis receives strong confirmation. The tentative conclusion is that non-material motives were likely to be highly significant in the movement of women into paid labour in this period. This article uses only a small fraction of the sources available on the subject of women and work in Canada, and new empirical riches offer unprecedented opportunities for historians interested in women and work.Le présent article met à l’épreuve deux hypothèses concernant la participation des femmes sur le marché du travail à Hamilton en 1911 : premièrement, que les femmes célibataires occupaient des emplois rémunérés pour faire contrepoids au chômage ou à la sous-rémunération des hommes; deuxièmement, que les travaux ménagers dont il fallait s’occuper décourageaient les femmes célibataires d’intégrer le marché du travail. Aucune de ces hypothèses, vérifiées à l’aune du recensement complet de la population de Hamilton en 1911, ne s’avère entièrement. La conclusion provisoire fait valoir que des motifs non matériels ont sans doute eu un rôle très important dans l’intégration des femmes à la population active à cette époque. Cette recherche fait appel à une fraction à peine des sources disponibles sur la question des femmes et de la main-d’œuvre au Canada. Ce genre de nouvelles données empiriques ouvre des débouchés sans précédent pour les historiens s’intéressant à la question des femmes et du marché du travail

    Finding the Work Force in the 1901 Census of Canada

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    The authors assess the strengths and weaknesses of data relating to the work force recorded in the columns of the 1901 Canadian Census Population Schedules. A comparison of the Canadian data to the information found in British and American censuses of the same era suggests that Canadian census-takers made a more focused effort to uncover information about the work force than did their counterparts. Although the investigation lends sorne support to the perspective that censuses are problematic documents constructed in the interests of a male-dominated political and economic elite, it also suggests that the working class shared in the construction of the data. Carefully used, the 1901 census allows historians to recover voices rarely heard in their own time.Les auteurs évaluent les forces et faiblesses des données sur la population active présentées dans les tableaux du recensement de la population du Canada de 1901. Une comparaison des données canadiennes de recensement aux données britanniques et américaines de la même époque semble indiquer que les recenseurs canadiens procédaient à une collecte plus attentive de renseignements sur la population active. Même si l'enquête corrobore dans une certaine mesure le point de vue selon lequel les recensements sont des exercices problématiques réunies dans l'intérêt d'une élite politique et économique à prédominance masculine, elle suggère aussi que la classe ouvrière a contribué à l'élaboration des données. Utilisés avec précaution, les résultats du recensement de 1901 permettent aux historiens de laisser la parole à des voix rarement entendues de leur temps

    Interim Measures Report for the Headquarters Building Area Location of Concern (LOC) 2E East SWMU 104 John F. Kennedy Space Center, Florida

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    The Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendment portion of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Permit issued by the Florida Department of Environmental Protection (FDEP), requires identification and evaluation of all known Solid Waste Management Units (SWMUs) and Locations of Concern (LOCs) located on Kennedy Space Center (KSC) property. The KSC Headquarters Building Area (KHQA) has been identified as SWMU 104 under KSC's RCRA Program. This report summarizes the Interim Measure (IM) conducted by Geosyntec Consultants (Geosyntec) for NASA under Indefinite Delivery Indefinite Quantity Contract NNK12CA13B at the KHQA to mitigate potential exposure to polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-affected media at the eastern side of LOC 2E. The IM activities were conducted in June and July 2015 to remediate PCBs above the FDEP Residential Direct-Exposure (R-) Soil Cleanup Target Level (SCTL) of 0.5 milligram per kilogram (mg/kg) established by Chapter 62-777, Florida Administrative Code. The IM was performed in accordance with the IM Work Plan (IMWP) approved by the FDEP, dated August 2012. IM activities were conducted in accordance with the KSC Generic PCB Work Plan (NASA 2007)

    Genome-Wide TOP2A DNA Cleavage is Biased Toward Translocated and Highly Transcribed Loci

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    Type II topoisomerases orchestrate proper DNA topology, and they are the targets of anti-cancer drugs that cause treatment-related leukemias with balanced translocations. Here, we develop a high-throughput sequencing technology to define TOP2 cleavage sites at single-base precision, and use the technology to characterize TOP2A cleavage genome-wide in the human K562 leukemia cell line. We find that TOP2A cleavage has functionally conserved local sequence preferences, occurs in cleavage cluster regions (CCRs), and is enriched in introns and lincRNA loci. TOP2A CCRs are biased toward the distal regions of gene bodies, and TOP2 poisons cause a proximal shift in their distribution. We find high TOP2A cleavage levels in genes involved in translocations in TOP2 poison–related leukemia. In addition, we find that a large proportion of genes involved in oncogenic translocations overall contain TOP2A CCRs. The TOP2A cleavage of coding and lincRNA genes is independently associated with both length and transcript abundance. Comparisons to ENCODE data reveal distinct TOP2A CCR clusters that overlap with marks of transcription, open chromatin, and enhancers. Our findings implicate TOP2A cleavage as a broad DNA damage mechanism in oncogenic translocations as well as a functional role of TOP2A cleavage in regulating transcription elongation and gene activation

    N6-Methyladenosine Inhibits Local Ribonucleolytic Cleavage to Stabilize mRNAs in Arabidopsis

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    N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a dynamic, reversible, covalently modified ribonucleotide that occurs predominantly toward 30 ends of eukaryotic mRNAs and is essential for their proper function and regulation. In Arabidopsis thaliana, many RNAs contain at least one m6A site, yet the transcriptome-wide function of m6A remains mostly unknown. Here, we show that manym6A-modified mRNAs in Arabidopsis have reduced abundance in the absence of this mark. The decrease in abundance is due to transcript destabilization caused by cleavage occurring 4 or 5 nt directly upstream of unmodified m6A sites. Importantly, we also find that, upon agriculturally relevant salt treatment, m6A is dynamically deposited on and stabilizes transcripts encoding proteins required for salt and osmotic stress response. Overall, our findings reveal that m6A generally acts as a stabilizing mark through inhibition of site-specific cleavage in plant transcriptomes, and this mechanism is required for proper regulation of the salt-stress-responsive transcriptome
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