Testing and Evaluating Dye Color: A Study Using Spectrophotometry on Technicolor and Eastman Color Motion Picture Film

The history of color motion picture film is linked to two companies: Technicolor and Eastman Kodak. Technicolor was formed in 1915 by Herbert Kalmus, Daniel Comstock, and W. Burton Wescott, who realized that color film could enhance motion picture entertainment. Introduced in 1932, it was a three-color process that was widely used into the late 1950s. The three-color process utilized a camera with one lens that exposed three black and white negatives simultaneously by splitting the incoming visible light through a prism. The prism would create two beams of light which would then expose one film negative to green light and the rest of the split light exposed a red and blue bi-pack comprised of two film negatives placed emulsion to emulsion.1 One film negative would be sensitized to blue light while the other to red light, once exposed, the two negatives would be separated to be processed. The Eastman Color process, developed by Eastman Kodak Company in 1950, was similar to Technicolor. Eastman Color used three light-sensitive emulsions that were sensitized to red, green, and blue light which were then coated onto a single film base.2 Having all three emulsion layers on one film support does away with the bulky three-color process camera used in the Technicolor process. Eastman Color prints were less costly to produce than Technicolor prints. This was because Eastman Color only used one film negative versus Technicolor�s three. Within a decade, Eastman Color films began to show evidence of fading in the negatives and prints. The film industry�s shift from Technicolor to Eastman Color film resulted in a shift in the color, tone, and color balance of the film prints. Technicolor three-color dye process produces a very stable color 1 Scott Higgins, Demonstrating Three-Colour Technicolor: Early Three-Colour Aesthetics and Design, Film History 12, 4 (2000): 358-383. 2 Doug Nishimura, Email correspondence with author, June 3, 2015. 2 that doesn�t easily degrade with hues that were “warm,” whereas Eastman Color tended to be “cooler” and almost neon-like. In this thesis, I will discuss the differences in dyes used by Technicolor and Kodak and illustrate how the dyes have altered over time. To do so, I have made measurements on dyed film test strips by using a spectrophotometer that was created specifically for this testing. I sampled twenty-five test dyed film strips and twenty-five Technicolor film reels. In addition, a single Eastman Color film reel was tested. This sample size of fifty-one items yielded raw data that was calculated into absorbance and transmittance wavelengths. These spectral curves allow for comparison between the dyes used and for an evaluation of the colors. In the discussion, I describe why knowledge of dye fading is important to museums and how spectral information on dyes could improve film preservation efforts. This data is analyzed by reviewing scholarly journals, case studies, and first-hand accounts of dye tests in an effort to further the knowledge for museums and professionals with a focus on information on motion picture film, preservation, and spectrophotometry

Mucosal responses in post-smolt Atlantic salmon (S. salar) following salmon lice (L. salmonis) infections

The aquaculture sector is becoming increasingly important both for food production and economic reasons. The main problem today in Norwegian aquaculture is the copepod ectoparasite Leopeophtheirus salmonis which limits the growth of the sector in Norway. It is important to limit the amount of sea lice in the industry because it affects wild stocks of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and Brown trout (Salmo trutta trutta) negatively, especially in early post-smolt stages. Breeding for salmon lice resistance in aquaculture is one of the proposed solutions, and the breeding companies are currently breeding for traits connected to resistance to salmon lice. There are likely many genes affecting resistance to salmon lice, and Atlantic salmon is relatively susceptible to it compared to other salmonids. In order to make breeding for this trait feasible, better marker for innate immune responses are needed and this thesis will look at the possibility of using mucosal mapping in mapping the mucosal dynamics of sea lice infections, and compare families in a large-scale challenge test. The trial was carried out by the breeding company Salmobreed at the Norwegian institute of marine research (IMR) station at Matre, Norway. Weight turned out to have a large effect on mucosal dynamics, at least in the tail of the fish. The tail was also the favoured site for sea lice in this study. Increasing weight seemed to correlate with a weakening of the mucosal quality of the tail, and this could be a result of breeding for increased growth, and not immune function. Family data was not of good enough quality to do any statistics, but some observations were made. They tended to develop in the same way that the general population did in terms of mean weight etc.Masteroppgave i biologiMAMN-BIOBIO39

Academic Preparedness of Social Workers for Interprofessional Education/Collaborative Practice (IPECP)

Are social workers emerging as competent collaborative practitioners? The cost of education is rising, employer training budgets are shrinking, and the World Health Organization (WHO) is forecasting a shortage of personnel trained effectively in interprofessional practice. The Interprofessional Education Collaborative (IPEC) developed four core competencies for interprofessional practice. Interprofessional awareness was added to the latest Council on Social Work Education’s (CSWE) educational policy and accreditation standards (EPAS) for 2015. Using a socio-cultural learning framework, social workers will be questioned as to their perceived educational preparedness to enter into interprofessional education/collaborative practice. NASW-PA membership comprised the 304 completed surveys. Respondent findings indicate 73% do not perceive they are educationally prepared to practice in interprofessional settings and 84% inaccurately defined interprofessional education. Furthermore, 75% of respondents believe they are engaged in an interprofessional practice setting. Future research is needed to determine if social workers are engaged in interprofessional practice and if interprofessional education, the precursor to interprofessional practice would benefit the next generation of social workers

Vertical diffusivity and oxygen concentrations in a fjord basin - A case study of the deep basin in Masfjorden

The basin layer in a sill fjord is isolated from the coast, and may become hypoxic or anoxic if the renewal frequency is low. Deep water renewals and vertical mixing are the physical processes which affects the oxygen concentration in the basin. The temporal evolution of density and oxygen concentrations in the basin layer in Masfjorden, a sill fjord in western Norway, have been studied based on observations of hydrographic data obtained during February 2019 - March 2021. The vertical diffusivity in the basin layer were estimated from the observations and model results from the hydrodynamic model NorFjords160 by the budget method presented in Stigebrandt and Aure (1989). The observed vertical diffusivity was used in further calculations to find the oxygen consumption rate, and in an attempt to see how a partial renewal affects the oxygen concentrations close to the bottom in the basin. The hydrographic data showed a region with oxygen stressed conditions in the basin layer with concentrations around 2.5 mL L^(-1). Two shallow partial renewals occurred in the upper parts of the basin layer during summer of 2019 and 2020. The the mean oxygen concentration in the basin declined during the observational period, while the oxygen concentration at 450 m increased during the same period. The comparison of the volume mean vertical diffusivity in the observations and in the model suggests a realistic, but lower density reduction rate, in the model.Masteroppgave i meteorologi og oseanografiGEOF399MAMN-GEO

The Impact of a Service-Learning Study Abroad Trip on Social Justice Advocacy in Counselors-in-Training: A Thematic Analysis

Though there has been extensive research into the benefits of using international cultural immersion experiences to enhance the development of multicultural competence of counselors in training, limited research has been conducted to specifically examine the effect of the service- learning component of a study abroad trip on students’ multicultural and social justice competencies. Given that social justice advocacy is an integral aspect of multicultural competence, it is important to understand how students assimilate the social justice advocacy experiences gained during their service-learning trip once they return home. To this end, a qualitative thematic analysis design was used to identify themes related to master’s-level counseling students’ experiences in-country and their return home from a 4-week study abroad cultural immersion trip. Interviews were conducted to answer the research question, which led to four sets of themes: in-country experiences, reentry experiences, multicultural and social justice competency, and impact over time. The emergent themes were consistent with previous research. The implications of these themes in the use of service-learning experiences on the training of counselors and recommendations for future research include the impact of in country experiences, impact of reentry, impact on multicultural and social justice competence, and impact over time

Przystosowanie szkolnictwa wyższego do otoczenia. Kilka uwag o wzorze amerykańskim

The author presents the basis sources and principles of the relations between higher education institutions and the environment in the United States, defines models of such relations and describes the government’s role in establishing conditions favorable to the effective adjustment processes. The apparent contradiction between the autonomy and the adjustment abilities of the American institutions of higher education are drafted. Next, three factors that explain the relations of the American higher education institutions with the environment, i.e.: the organizational structure of single institution, models of the financing and students participation in the costs of training, and the differentiation of the higher education institutions, are discussed. These three factors are interrelated. The internal differentation of the institutions of higher education and the differentiation between various institutions are accompanied by the integrative processes. The author presents a model of the higher education institution autonomy and the methods of steering of the higher education institutions by the central government, supplementing the description with the presentation of the topical adjustment problems met by the American institutions of higher education, providing numerous examples. The paper ends up with some remarks concerning the possible utilization of the American experiences in the process of the transformation of the higher education institutions in the Central and Eastern Europe.Autor przedstawia podstawowe relacje uczelni z otoczeniem w Stanach Zjednoczonych, a także określa modele takich związków oraz opisuje rolę rządu w kreowaniu warunków sprzyjających efektywnym procesom adaptacji. Zarysowuje pozorne sprzeczności między autonomią a zdolnością adaptacji do otoczenia uczelni amerykańskich. Następnie omawia trzy czynniki wyjaśniające stosunki uczelni z otoczeniem: strukturę poszczególnych instytucji, modele finansowania, w tym partycypację studentów w finansowaniu, oraz zróżnicowanie instytucji szkolnictwa wyższego. Czynniki te są wzajemnie powiązane. Wewnętrznemu zróżnicowaniu uczelni i zróżnicowaniu między poszczególnymi instytucjami towarzyszą procesy integracyjne. Autor prezentuje model autonomii uczelni i sterowania szkołami wyższymi przez rząd, uzupełniając opis o aktualne problemy adaptacyjne szkół amerykańskich zilustrowane przykładami. Artykuł kończą uwagi na temat możliwości wykorzystania doświadczeń amerykańskich w procesach przekształceń systemów szkolnictwa wyższego w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej

Combination Drug Therapy for Pain following Chronic Spinal Cord Injury

A number of mechanisms have been elucidated that maintain neuropathic pain due to spinal cord injury (SCI). While target-based therapeutics are being developed based on elucidation of these mechanisms, treatment for neuropathic SCI pain has not been entirely satisfactory due in part to the significant convergence of neurological and inflammatory processes that maintain the neuropathic pain state. Thus, a combination drug treatment strategy, wherein several pain-related mechanism are simultaneously engaged, could be more efficacious than treatment against individual mechanisms alone. Also, by engaging several targets at once, it may be possible to reduce the doses of the individual drugs, thereby minimizing the potential for adverse side effects. Positive preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated improved efficacy of combination drug treatment over single drug treatment in neuropathic pain of peripheral origin, and perhaps such combinations could be utilized for neuropathic SCI pain. At the same time, there are mechanisms that distinguish SCI from peripheral neuropathic pain, so novel combination therapies will be needed

Community Development at Kjeller Airfield Based on Principles for Ecological Democracy

This paper is a summary of the theoretical background and reflection for our master thesis in landscape architecture that was submitted in May 2016. The thesis is a design project with the goal of transforming a decommissioned airfield at Kjeller in Norway to become part of the public green and social infrastructure in the municipality. It shows an example of how the use of existing tools in the planning system, combined with the development of new tools to measure different conditions in a participation process, can bring new uses into the green structure