Фармацевтична реформа в Республіці Молдова у період незалежності

Over the last two decades, the Republic of Moldova has gone through a complex and controversial way of its development. Determining its vector of development based on the democratic values of Western culture the legal framework has been practically completely revised and created. The concept of reforming the pharmaceutical sector in the Republic of Moldova included: liberalization of prices and freedom from the planned system of economic management while creating the necessary mechanisms for the functioning of the market economy – creating the banking system, establishing the capital market, introducing the national currency, creating other institutions, as well as the huge process of creating a new legal framework.За последние два десятилетия Республика Молдова прошла сложный и противоречивый путь своего развития. С целью определения вектора своего развития, исходя из демократических ценностей западной культуры, практически полностью была пересмотрена и создана нормативно-правовая база. Концепция реформы Республики Молдова включала либерализацию цен и отказ от плановой системы управления экономикой при создании необходимых механизмов для функционирования рыночной экономики: создание банковской системы, рынка капитала и других учреждений, введение национальной валюты, а также длительный процесс создания новой правовой базы.За останні два десятиліття Республіка Молдова пройшла складний і суперечливий шлях свого розвитку. З метою визначення вектору свого розвитку, виходячи з демократичних цінностей західної культури, практично повністю була переглянута і створена нормативно-правова база. Концепція реформи Молдови полягала у лібералізації цін і відмові від планової системи управління економікою під час створення необхідних механізмів для функціонування ринкової економіки: створення банківської системи, ринку капіталу, інших установ, уведення національної валюти, а також тривалий процес створення нової правової бази

On the interaction of vortices with mixing layers

We describe the perturbations introduced by two counter-rotating vortices - in a two-dimensional configuration - or by a vortex ring - in an axisymmetric configuration - to the mixing layer between two counterflowing gaseous fuel and air streams of the same density. The analysis is confined to the near stagnation point region, where the strain rate of the unperturbed velocity field, A0, is uniform. We restrict our attention to cases where the typical distance 2r0 between the vortices - or the characteristic vortex ring radius r0 - is large compared to both the thickness, δv, of the vorticity core and the thickness, δm∼(ν/A0)1/2, of the mixing layer. In addition, we consider that the ratio, Γ/ν, of the vortex circulation, Γ, to the kinematic viscosity, ν, is large compared to unity. Then, during the interaction time, A0,-1, the viscous and diffusion effects are confined to the thin vorticity core and the thin mixing layer, which, when seen with the scale r0, appears as a passive interface between the two counterflowing streams when they have the same density. In this case, the analysis provides a simple procedure to describe the displacement and distortion of the interface, as well as the time evolution of the strain rate imposed on the mixing layer, which are needed to calculate the inner structure of the reacting mixing layer as well as the conditions for diffusion flame extinction and edge-flame propagation along the mixing layer. Although in the reacting case variable density effects due to heat release play an important role inside the mixing layer, in this paper the analysis of the inner structure is carried out using the constant density model, which provides good qualitative understanding of the mixing layer response

Risk assessment of climate systems for national security.

Climate change, through drought, flooding, storms, heat waves, and melting Arctic ice, affects the production and flow of resource within and among geographical regions. The interactions among governments, populations, and sectors of the economy require integrated assessment based on risk, through uncertainty quantification (UQ). This project evaluated the capabilities with Sandia National Laboratories to perform such integrated analyses, as they relate to (inter)national security. The combining of the UQ results from climate models with hydrological and economic/infrastructure impact modeling appears to offer the best capability for national security risk assessments

An integrated view of theiInfluence of temperature, pressure, and humidity on the stability of trimorphic cysteamine hydrochloride

Understanding the phase behavior of pharmaceuticals is important for dosage form development and regulatory requirements, in particular after the incident with ritonavir. In the present paper, a comprehensive study of the solid-state phase behavior of cysteamine hydrochloride used in the treatment of nephropathic cystinosis and recently granted orphan designation by the European Commission is presented employing (high-pressure) calorimetry, water vapor sorption, and X-ray diffraction as a function of temperature. A new crystal form (I2/a, form III) has been discovered, and its structure has been solved by X-ray powder diffraction, while two other crystalline forms are already known. The relative thermodynamic stabilities of the commercial form I and of the newly discovered form III have been established; they possess an overall enantiotropic phase relationship, with form I stable at room temperature and form III stable above 37 degrees C. Its melting temperature was found at 67.3 +/- 0.5 degrees C. Cysteamine hydrochloride is hygroscopic and immediately forms a concentrated saturated solution in water with a surprisingly high concentration of 47.5 mol % above a relative humidity of 35%. No hydrate has been observed. A temperature composition phase diagram is presented that has been obtained with the unary pressure temperature phase diagram, measurements, and calculations. For development, form I would be the best form to use in any solid dosage form, which should be thoroughly protected against humidity.Postprint (author's final draft

Relationship between bone structural variables from bone biopsy and bone mineral density (BMD) in patients on long term bisphosphonate (BP) Therapy

BMD is a 2D measurement of a 3D structure that has been the cornerstone to diagnose osteoporosis, monitor progression, and response to therapy. Bone volume in biopsy is also a 3D estimate of a 2D measurement. Intuitively it is expected to correlate with each other. A few studies showed significant correlations between bone biopsy and BMD variables in a group of patients with various metabolic bone diseases. However, the strengths of correlations were modest or not significant in a more homogenous subset. Our aim was to understand if there were correlations between the bone structural variables and BMD in a group of post-menopausal women on long-term BP therapy. Methods: Trans-Iliac bone biopsies were obtained from 25 postmenopausal women (mean age 66.8 ± 6.6y) treated with BP for 6.1 ± 4.3 y. Using standard methods cortical bone volume, mean cortical thickness, trabecular bone volume, and trabecular thickness were measured. BMD of both proximal femurs (femoral neck, total hip, and trochanter) was measured by DEXA about 1-2 months before biopsy. Correlations among proximal femur measures and among biopsy variables, as well as between BMD and biopsy structural variables were performed using SigmaPlot. Results: Mean right and left femoral neck BMDs were 0.636 ± 0.068 and 0.637 ± 0.072 with highly significant correlation between the sides (r=0.77;

Effects of the intracerebroventricular administration of ketamine on centrogenic arrhythmias in anesthetized rats.

In urethane anesthetized rats the icv (lateral cerebral ventricle) administration of ketamine, at the highest utilized doses, induced bradypnea and sinus bradycardia in spontaneously breathing rats. Moreover, it partially antagonized the arrhythmogenic activities of sodium glutamate and sodium aspartate, as well as desipramine and ouabain. From these results, we conclude that ketamine had an inhibitory effect on the centrogenic arrhythmias not only acting at the level of NMDA subtype receptor, but also at beta 1 adrenergic central receptors. Moreover at high doses, ketamine can also induce centrogenic arrhythmias in spontaneously breathing rats