Removal of phenol from aqueous solution using polymer inclusion membrane based on mixture of CTA and CA

Abstract Nowadays, there are increasingly stringent regulations requiring more and more treatment of industrial effluents to generate product waters which could be easily reused or disposed of to the environment without any harmful effects. In the present work, the removal of phenol from aqueous solution across polymer inclusion membrane (PIM), based on mixture of cellulose triacetate and cellulose acetate as support (75/25%), calix[4]resorcinarene derivative as a carrier and 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether (2-NPOE) as plasticizer was investigated. The experimental part of this investigation involved the influence of carrier nature, plasticizer concentration, pH phases, and phenol initial concentration on the removal efficiency of phenol from synthetic wastewater. A PIM containing 0.1 g (of mixture polymer), (0.15 g/g mixture of polymer) of carrier and (0.03 ml/g mixture of polymer) of 2-NPOE provided the highest percentage of phenol removal efficiency over a 6-day transport; the removal was found to be about 95%, indeed the removal was found to be highly dependent of pH phases. The feed solution in these transport experiments was at pH 2, while the stripping solution contained 0.20 M NaOH. This study claims that the PIM with a mixture of cellulose derivatives can be used effectively to remove phenols from wastewaters

A Microwave-Assisted and Heteropolyacids-Catalysed Cyclocondensation Reaction for the Synthesis of 4(3H)-Quinazolinones

We have investigated a microwave–assisted synthesis of 4(3H)–quinazolinonesby condensation of anthranilic acid, orthoesters (or formic acid) and substituted anilines,using Keggin-type heteropolyacids (H3PW12O40·13H2O, H4SiW12O40·13H2O,H4SiMo12O40·13H2O or H3PMo12O40·13H2O) as catalysts. We found that the the use of H3PW12O40·13H2O acid coupled to microwave irradiation allows a solvent-free, rapid (~ 13min) and high-yielding reaction

Diagnosis of Partial Retrograde Ejaculation in Non-Azoospermic Infertile Men with Low Semen Volume.

In non-azoospermic patients with low semen volume (LSV), looking for partial retrograde ejaculation (PRE) by searching sperm in the postejaculatory urine (PEU) is required. The use of a retro-ejaculatory index (R-ratio) was suggested to define PRE, but none of the studies indicated a specific threshold above which PRE must be considered. Our objective was to propose a threshold value for the R-ratio as indicative of PRE in patients with LSV selected to be devoid of any known causes or risk factors for retrograde ejaculation or LSV. Among our data base (2000-2009) including 632 patients with PEU, 245 male patients from infertile couples who had had a first semen analysis with LSV (< 2mL) and a second semen analysis associated with PEU, were selected on the previous criteria. A prospective control group was randomly constituted (2007-2008) of 162 first consulting male patients from infertile couples, with a normal semen volume (≥ 2mL) on a first semen analysis and who accepted to collect PEU with their usual second semen analysis, selected on the previous criteria. To define an R-ratio threshold indicative of PRE, we used a ROC curve analysis and a regression tree based on a classification and regression tree (CART) algorithm. Of the 245 LSV patients, 146 still presented low semen volume (< 2 mL) on the second semen analysis. From the use of the CART algorithm, two low (1.5% and 2.8%) and two high R-values (7.1% and 8.3%) were defined, according to the lower reference limit for semen volume of 2.0 mL (WHO 1999) or 1.5 mL (WHO 2010) respectively. As only one or no patient with normal semen volume was observed above the two high R-values, we suggest an R-value higher than the range of [7.1-8.3]% as indicative of PRE until confirmation by a prospective multicenter study

2D-NMR, X-ray crystallography and theoretical studies of the reaction mechanism for the synthesis of 1,5-benzodiazepines from dehydroacetic acid derivatives and o-phenylenediamines

The synthesis of 1,5-benzodiazepines by the reaction of o-phenylenediamines (o-PDAs) with dehydroacetic acid DHAA [3-acetyl-4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-one] or conjugate analogues is largely reported in the literature, but still with uncontrolled stereochemistry. In this work, a comprehensive mechanistic study on the formation of some synthesized 1,5-benzodiazepine models following different organic routes is established based on liquid-state 2D NMR, single-crystal X-ray diffraction and theoretical calculations allowing the classification of two prototropic forms A (enaminopyran-2,4-dione) and B (imino-4-hydroxypyran-2-one). Evidences are presented to show that most of the reported 1,5-benzodiazepine structures arising from DHAA and derivatives preferentially adopt the (E)-enaminopyran-2,4-diones A. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Post ejaculatory urine and semen characteristics in the 162 patients with normal semen volume (NSV), 99 patients with normalized semen volume (NzedSV) and 146 patients with observed low semen volume (LSV) according to WHO 1999 [16].

<p>Post ejaculatory urine and semen characteristics in the 162 patients with normal semen volume (NSV), 99 patients with normalized semen volume (NzedSV) and 146 patients with observed low semen volume (LSV) according to WHO 1999 [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0168742#pone.0168742.ref016" target="_blank">16</a>].</p

Distribution of patients according to R-values and semen volume.

<p>Reference lines were drawn on x-axis to represent WHO lower reference limits for semen volume (1.5 mL [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0168742#pone.0168742.ref020" target="_blank">20</a>] and 2 mL [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0168742#pone.0168742.ref016" target="_blank">16</a>]) and on y-axis to represent low and high R-value thresholds obtained from CART procedure (1.5% and 2.8%, 7.1% and 8.3% respectively). + (green), 146 patients with observed low semen volume (<2 mL) × (red), 99 patients with normalized semen volume (≥ 2 mL) * (blue), 162 patients with normal semen volume (≥ 2 mL).</p

Optimal R-value thresholds obtained from ROC plot for the 162 patients with normal semen volume (NSV; ≥2 mL) versus 146 patients with observed low semen volume (<2 mL) and 82 patients with observed low semen volume (<1.5 mL).

<p>Optimal R-value thresholds obtained from ROC plot for the 162 patients with normal semen volume (NSV; ≥2 mL) versus 146 patients with observed low semen volume (<2 mL) and 82 patients with observed low semen volume (<1.5 mL).</p

Flowchart and design of the study.

<p>Flowchart and design of the study.</p

Semen and post ejaculatory urine characteristics as function of the R-value thresholds obtained from the CART procedure in 162 patients with normal semen volume (NSV) and 146 patients with observed low semen volume < 2 mL (LSV).

<p>Values are mean ± SD (median); 1.5% and 7.1%, thresholds values of R determined by the CART procedure on the 308 (162 plus 146) patients; % corresponds to number of patients/total number of patients with NSV or LSV. Three ranges of R-value classified patients: 80% of NSV patients (129/162) and 27% of LSV patients (39/146) were under an R-value of 1.5%, 20% of NSV and 38% of LSV were comprised between 1.5% and 7.1%, and less than 1% of NSV and 35% of LSV had an R-value ≥ 7.1%. R (%), [uTSC divided by (uTSC plus sTSC)] multiplied by 100 uVolume, urine volume (ml) uSC, urine sperm count (10⁶/ml) uTSC, urine total sperm count (uVolume multiplied by uSC; 10⁶) Abst Delay, abstinence delay (days) sVolume, semen volume (ml) sSC, semen sperm count (10⁶/ml) sTSC, semen total sperm count (sVolume multiplied by sSC; 10⁶) TAS, total amount of sperm (uTSC plus sTSC; 10⁶) ^a p < 0.05 between 129 NSV and 39 LSV ^b p < 0.05 between 32 NSV and 56 LSV ^c p < 0.05 between 129 NSV (R < 1.5%) and 32 NSV (1.5 ≤ R < 7.1%) ^d p < 0.05 between 39 LSV (R < 1.5%) and 56 LSV (1.5 ≤ R < 7.1%) ^e p < 0.05 between 56 LSV (1.5 ≤ R < 7.1%) and 51 LSV (R ≥ 7.1%) ^f p < 0.05 between 39 LSV (R < 1.5%) and 51 LSV (R ≥ 7.1%)</p