The Effects of Energy Imports: The Case of Turkey

It is seen that many developed nations are taking serious actions to use domestic rather than imported energy resources. Contrary, Turkey -a developing country- is getting more dependent on imported resources of energy, such as natural gas. This study analyses the consequences of this policy on some macroeconomic variables. Granger causality test statistics are calculated to search for relations between total energy consumption / imported energy resources and gross domestic product, industrial production index or private sector fixed investment. The results indicate that although total and imported quantity of energy affects gross domestic product, the national income, the origin of energy resource –such as being domestic or not – does not effect industrial production. As for the determinants of energy imports the test statistics indicate that private sector investment Granger causes energy imports.Energy consumption; Granger causality; VAR

Political Decisions, Defence and Growth

Considering the importance of military expenditures on political and economical success of a government, this empirical study analyzes the relations between political stability, economic growth and military expenditures. Based on the theoretical model developed by Blomberg (1996), the vector autoregression analyzes results for a democratic country indicates the significance of military expenditures on political stability and private sector investment decisions.Defense; Political Stability; Growth; VAR

Dix ans après l’adoption du Statut de Rome de 1998. Quelques remarques sur les imperfections du fonctionnement de la Cour pénale internationale

Les événements qui se sont déroulés au cours du mois de juillet 2008, à la Haye, marquent le dixième anniversaire de l'adoption du Statut de Rome et la sixième année de l'opérationnalité de la Cour pénale internationale. Ils sont une lueur d'espoir quant à l'efficacité de la Cour. Cependant, les imperfections de ses activités restent présentes. La Cour devra beaucoup faire pour devenir une véritable juridiction pénale internationale, fiable et efficace

Kekerapan Amalan Komunikasi Kepengurusan di Kalangan Ketua-Ketua Jabatan Kerajaan di Perlis

The purpose of this study is to examine the factors related to the frequency of practicing managerial communication among government department leaders in Perlis. The objectives of this study were to investigate the relationship between independent variables such as the content of communication message, communication nvironment, organization environment and communication channel with dependent variable (frequency of practicing managerial communication). This study involved 52 respondents which are government department leaders in Perlis. A set of questionnaire using five points Likert type scale was applied to measure the respondent responses. Four hypotheses were constructed for this study. Statistical tool such as Pearson Correlation was used to test these hypotheses. The result revealed that a) There was no significant relationship between the content of the message and the frequency of practicing managerial communication (r = 0.168, p > 0.05), b) There was no significant relationship between communication environment and the frequency of practicing managerial communication (r = 0.183, p > O.OS), c) There was no significant relationship between organization environment and the frequency of practicing managerial communication (r = 0.055, p > 0.05) and d) There was no significant relationship between communication channel and the frequency of practicing managerial communication (r =0.007, p > 0.05). Finally, this thesis attempts to offer some suggestions to enhance the effectiveness of managerial communication among government department leader in Perlis

Immune-pathophysiology and -therapy of childhood purpura

Egypt J Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2009;7(1):3-1

Price level determination: Ricardian vs non-Ricardian policies

In that study we analyzed the U.S. inflation rate using the structural vector autoregression (SVAR) and the structural vector error correction models (SVECM) to compare different theories of price level: monetarist theory, unpleasant monetarist arithmetic and the fiscal theory of price level. Our results for the SVAR models favor the monetarist theory, whereas the SVECM indicate the relations given by unpleasant monetarist theory

Female subjectivity in times of constraint: a study of Naguib Mahfouz and Gabriel García Márquez

This study aims at examining the depiction of female characters in two postcolonial novels set in the mid-twentieth century, namely, Naguib Mahfouz’s The Beginning and the End and Gabriel García Márquez’s Chronicle of a Death Foretold. Critic Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak’s theory of the silent female subaltern poses a challenge to reading the (hi)story of any female character when the narrator assumes a dominant role in the literary narrative. Research in this thesis extends Spivak’s dichotomy of silence and speech to accommodate a middle ground that allows us read the characters’ presence as speaking voices of their (hi)stories. While Spivak is interested in how Western feminists approach to third-world woman, this work offers a variation on this inquiry, asking whether it is possible for third-world women in their fictional writings to retain limited autonomy, while constraints are nonetheless imposed on them by male narrators. Specifically, I ask if it is possible for Mahfouz and Márquez to represent the female subaltern without fully sustaining a patriarchal perspective in both literary works. This examination concludes that both male authors succeed at providing Nefisa and Angela, main female figures, with a limited subjectivity that gives voice to the often marginalized in the history of postcolonial worlds, and reflects the limitations of their societies’ convictions towards woman

The Effect of Fiscal Policy on Private Sector Savings

The economics literature argues that once Ricardian hypothesis is valid fiscal policy do not have any real impact on macroeconomy via consumption decisions. However, it has beeen argued by many studies on fiscal dominance that there are exceptions to the validity of Ricardian Equivalence theorem and under certain conditions, fiscal policy can effect monetary policy and macroeconomic variables like inflation through consumption decisions. Using threshold vector aurotregression (TVAR) methodology, this study analyzes the possible non linear fiscal impact of government debt on consumption / saving decisions of economic agents. The empirical analysis of government debt, interest rate and private savings of Turkey documents that fiscal policy effects on private agents saving behavior and monetary policy variable follows a non linear pattern. Hence, the effects of interest rate on saving decisions of agents differ according to a threshold level of debt. The impulse response analysis indicates that under high (low) debt regime, higher interest rate leads to higher (lower) consumption levels. This result supports the argument on the requirement for joint commitment of fiscal and monetary policies to control inflation. The empirical results also notes the positive impact of decreasing government debt on private savings under every state, but also notes this this effect is persistent under low debt regime.savings,threshold VAR, government debt