Uji Resistensi Terhadap Beberapa Antibiotika pada Escherichia coli yang Diisolasi dari Kucing di Klinik Hewan Kota Bogor

ABSTRAKPermasalahan resistensi Antibiotika pada hewan kesayangan menjadi kendala kesehatan hewan di seluruh dunia. World Health Organisation (WHO) menyebutkan bahwa pada masa mendatang resistensi antibiotika akan menjadi tantangan yang terbesar dalam dunia kesehatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur tingkat resistensi antibiotika terhadap Escherichia coli yang diisolasi dari kucing pada klinik hewan di Kota Bogor. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa resistensi Escherichia coli tertinggi terjadi pada golongan β-laktam (ampisilin 66% dan amoksisilin 60%) yang diikuti oleh golongan tetrasiklin (oksitetrasiklin 54% dan dosisiklin 24%), serta golongan kuinolon (enrofloksasin 38% dan ciprofloksasin 28%). Hasil dari penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi pertimbangan medis bagi praktisi hewan kesayangan dalam penggunaan antibiotika.Kata Kunci: Escherichia coli, klinik hewan, kucing, resistensi antibiotikaABSTRACTThe problem of antibiotic resistance in pets is obstacles to animal health throughout the world. World Health Organization (WHO) states that in the future, antibiotic resistance will become the biggest challenge in the health concern. This study aims to measure the level of Escherichia coli resistance to antibiotics which is isolated from cats on veterinary clinics in Bogor City. The results showed that the highest resistance of Escherichia coli occurred in the β-lactam group (ampicillin 66% and amoxicillin 60%) followed by tetracycline (oxytetracycline 54% and doxycycline 24%), and quinolone group (enrofloxacin 38% and ciprofloxacin 28%). This study is expected to become medical considerations for pet practitioners in the use of antibiotics.Keywords: animal clinic, antibiotic resistance, cats, Escherichia col

MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE OF Klebsiella pneumoniae IN CATS IN BOGOR, INDONESIA

 This study aims to measure the level of antibiotic resistance to Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from clinical cats in Bogor. Samples were isolated and identified macroscopically, microscopically, and biochemically. Positive isolates were tested for antibiotic sensitivity using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The results showed that Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from sputum and laryngeal swabs of clinic cats in Bogor had experienced Multidrug Resistance (MDR). The highest level of resistance to Klebsiella pneumoniae occurred in the β-lactam group (amphicillin 76%) followed by the tetracycline group (oxytetracycline 72% and tetracycline 68%), then the quinolone group (enrofloxacin 52%), and finally the aminoglycoside group (gentamicin 44%). The results of this study are expected to be taken into consideration in the use of antibiotics for the treatment of cases related to the Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria

Toksisitas akut infusa daun pepaya Calina jantan (Carica papaya L.) pada mencit betina

Pepaya (Carica papaya L) merupakan salah satu tanaman yang berpotensi sebagai obat untuk beragam penyakit. Penelitian bertujuan menguji toksisitas akut ekstrak daun pepaya Calina (IPB 9) jantan pada mencit betina dengan menentukan nilai lethal dose 50 (LD50), mengamati pengaruhnya pada organ tubuh mencit, dan menghitung konsentrasi ekstrak yang paling efektif.  Penelitian menggunakan 20 ekor mencit galur DDY yang dibagi secara acak ke dalam 4 kelompok perlakuan, yaitu kelompok kontrol (pemberian akuades) dan kelompok perlakuan pemberian infusa daun pepaya Calina jantan masing-masing dengan dosis 5, 10, dan 15 g/kg BB secara per oral. Pengamatan dilakukan pada mortalitas, gejala klinis, respons fisiologis, bobot badan, dan bobot relatif organ. Nilai LD50 menunjukkan pemberian infusa daun pepaya Calina jantan pada mencit betina bersifat tidak toksik. Pemberian infusa daun pepaya Calina jantan sampai dengan dosis 15 g/kg BB tidak menimbulkan gejala klinis yang bersifat patologis, perubahan makroanatomi organ, atau kematian. Pemberian infusa tidak menunjukkan efek yang signifikan pada peningkatan atau penurunan bobot badan. Pemberian infusa daun pepaya Calina jantan dengan dosis 10 g/kg BB terbukti paling efektif dalam mempertahankan pertambahan bobot badan secara normal dan tidak bersifat toksik. Berdasarkan penelitian, pemberian infusa daun pepaya Calina jantan sampai dengan dosis 15 g/kg BB bersifat tidak toksik dan tidak memengaruhi organ tubuh mencit, dengan dosis efektif sebesar 10 g/kg BB

Correlation of Aspergillus flavus with the Concentration of Aflatoxin B1 in Ikan Kayu

The objective of this research was to know the contamination of Aspergillus flavus in ikan kayu and the number of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) produced. Also the corelation the number of A. flavus with AFB1. Samples were taken from traditional markets in Banda Aceh and Lhokseumawe. The sample were used to isolation and identify A. flavus also detect the present of AFB1 by ELISA (Enzym Linked ImmunosorbantAssay). The result shows that all samples show the present of A. flavus with the concentration 1 x 102-61 x 102 Cfu/g and the concentration of AFB1 between 0.9-38.7 ppb. In conclusion the present A. flavus in ikan kayu has a corelation with the production of AFB1

MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT Salmonella sp. ISOLATED FROM SEVERAL CHICKEN FARMS IN WEST JAVA, INDONESIA

This study was aimed at isolating and identifying Salmonella sp. and then conducting an antibiotics susceptibility test in order to detect resistant genes.  One hundred and five chicken cloaca swab samples were used in this study. 30 samples were taken from a layer farm in Bogor, 45 from a broiler farm in Sukabumi and 30 from a broiler farm in Cianjur. In order to  isolate and identify the bacteria, a tetrathionate broth was used, which was then cultured in a Salmonella-Shigella agar, and finally a Gram stain and biochemical test was conducted. To confirm the presence of Salmonella sp., a pair of primers were used for the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method to determine the presence of the invA gene.. An antibiotics susceptibility test was used with the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Nine antibiotics were used in this study. Each primer pair was used for the detection of tetA, blaTEM, aac(3)-IV, gyrA and ermB genes, and for genes encoding antibiotic resistance  a PCR test was used. Eight (7.6%) Salmonella sp. were  isolated in this study. All isolates showed positive results with PCR confirmation. The results of the antibiotics susceptibility test showed that Salmonella sp. isolates were resistant to tetracycline (75%), oxytetracycline (75%), amphicillin (75%), gentamycin (12.5%), nalidixic acid (100%), ciprofloxacin (12.5%), enrofloxacin (0%), erythromycin (100%), and chloramphenicol (0%). The distribution of antibiotic resistance genes in Salmonella sp. were tetA (33.3%), blaTEM (100%), aac(3)-IV (0%), gyrA (100%) and ermB (0%) positive. In conclusion, Salmonella sp. was isolated. All isolates showed positive results in the PCR confirmation. Salmonella sp. isolates were resistant to tetracycline, oxytetracycline, amphicillin, gentamycin, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, and erythromycin. Only the tetA, blaTEM, and gyrA genes were detected in Salmonella sp. isolates

KOSAKONIA SP. PROTEOLYTIC BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM RUMEN AND RETICULUM OF ACEH CATTLE

The aim of this study was to identify proteolytic bacteria from the ruminal and reticulum fluids of aceh cattle based on the 16S rRNA gene. Samples used were ruminal and reticulum fluids of aceh cattle slaughtered in Abattoir of Aceh Besar. Samples were diluted and cultured into Skim Milk Agar medium at 39 C for 48 hours. The morphology of bacterial colonies growth in the medium was observed. Colonies resulted in the largest clear zone were isolated and used for Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) isolation, 16S rRNA gene amplification and sequencing. Theresults showed that morphology of dominant colonies was yellowish white color, round shape, position on the agar surface. The results ofphylogenetic analysis of RS1 and ReS2 isolates isolated from rumen and reticulum fluids of aceh cattle respectively had a close familialrelationship and belonged to the bacterial group of Kosakonia. Sequence homology showed isolate RS1 and ReS2 are probably either newEnterobacteriaceae species or unconfirmed species. Halo zone produced by ruminal bacteria had a wider diameter (25 mm vs 20 mm) than thatcaused by reticulum bacteria). Based on the results, RS1 (bacterium in the rumen) and ReS2 (bacterium in the reticulum) belong to similar type, namely Kosakonia sp. with a proteolytic activity. Presumably, these bacteria originate from the rumen that enters the reticulum with degraded feed

TOTAL BACTERIA AND IDENTIFICATION OF PROTEOLYTIC RUMINAL AND RETICULUM BACTERIA FROM LOCAL KACANG GOAT

This study aimed to calculate the total bacteria and to identify the proteolytic bacteria in rumen and reticulum of local Kacang goat. The samples used were the rumen and reticulum fluids of five goats at abattoirs in Banda Aceh. Isolation of proteolytic bacteria was carried out using skim milk agar with pour plate method and incubated at 39° C for 48 hours. The bacterial colonies morphology was observed and the total bacterial count was recorded. DNA of the widest proteolytic index colony was isolated, amplified, and sequenced. The results showed that the dominant colonies morphology was white with position inside the agar. The average of total proteolytic bacteria in goat rumen fluid and reticulum fluid were 6.416x106 CFU/mL and 2,382x107 CFU/mL, respectively. Isolates with the widest proteolytic index was Ru3 (2.5 mm) in the rumen which homology and phylogenetic tree analysis of 16S rRNA showed 93% sequence similarity with Bacillus subtilis, while in reticulum was Re1 (2.0 mm) which has 92% sequence similarity to Tatumella. It is concluded that the number of proteolytic bacteria in reticulum is greater than the number of proteolytic bacteria in the rumen of local kacang goat. Homology analysis in this study proved that the Ru3 and Re1 isolate were probably either a new species or unconfirmed species

Pengaruh Perhatian Orang Tua terhadap Hasil Belajar Pendidikan Agama Islam (PAI) Siswa SD Islam Khaira Ummah Kota Padang

This study aims to determine the effect of parental attention on PAI learning outcomes for fifth grade students at SD Islam Khaira Ummah which is located at Jl. Pagai Ikur Koto, Koto Panjang, Ikur Koto, Kec. Koto Tangah, P`adang City, West Sumatra Province. The research method used is a quantitative research method. The population in this study were fifth grade students at SD Islam Khaira Ummah. The research sampling technique uses the slovin formula. Data collection was carried out using a questionnaire. The data analysis technique used is the Pearson product moment correlation formula. The results showed that the t value of variable X was 3.080 and the t table value was 2.005 (3.080 > 2.005) and for the significance value of variable X and Y was 0.003 <0.05. And from the F test, the calculated F value of variable X is 9.485 and the F table value is 4.023 (9.485 > 4.023) and for the significance value of variable X and Y is 0.003 <0.05. So it was concluded that partially or simultaneously there was a significant influence between parents' attention to the learning outcomes of class V SD Islam Khaira Ummah

Tuning PID Controllers for Processes with Difficult Dynamics

PID controllers provide satisfactory performance and widely used in many of control processes due to their simplicity. An appropriate controller tuning provide a good performance of the controller to perform well. Some processes are difficult to control especially processes with difficult dynamic. In this report, the author will discuss mostly on two types of dynamic processes which are time delay process and inverse response process. A model of each dynamic process is obtained to studies their behaviour using various type of tuning method such as internal model control (IMC), SIMC, Ziegler-Nichols (Z-N) and Tyreus-Luyben (T-L). Matlab Simulink is used to observe their behaviour and simulation result on each process. This is because difference tuning methods perform difference controller response. The project is successfully done and achieved the objectives

MP-14 Antibiotics Resistance Patterns of Escherichia coli Isolated from Poultry in West Java

Most of poultry industries use antibiotics for health management program. They use them as bacterial infection treatment and disease prevention, known as antibiotic growth promotor (AGP) [1]. Now, worldwide concern is about antibiotics resistance. Monitoring programs are done by countries in the world to protect human and animal health [2]. The monitoring programs usually use indicator bacteria such as Escherichia coli [3].Many researchers studied about antibiotics resistance in Indonesia. Escherichia coli isolated from poultry has been resistance to doxycycline (25%) and gentamycin (12.5%) [4]. Seven E. coli isolated from fecal samples shown that resistance to methicillin (85.7%), penicillin G (71.4%) and 42,9% were resistance both doxycycline hydrochloride and streptomycin [5]. Start from Januari 1st 2018 Indonesian Misintry of Agricuture banned antibiotics as AGP, based on Permentan No. 14/2017. They tried to prevent the spread of antibiotics resistance. So, it is necessary to determine antibiotics resistance patterns, especially in E. coli as indicator bacteria