La giulleria in Italia. Pratica scenica e festiva

Che la giulleria italiana abbia avuto una sua specificità rispetto a quella di altre aree europee è domanda alla quale è difficile dare una risposta. In realtà i frequenti scambi culturali fra i giullari di aree diverse erano favoriti dal loro nomadismo. L'autore si sofferma ad esaminare i contatti intercorsi tra l'Italia e la Spagna, citando esempi che dimostrano la diffusa presenza di intrattenitori spagnoli in Italia e di italiani in terra iberica. La vita dei buffoni di corte italiani era assai differente da quella dei francesi, che spesso erano assunti en titre d'office e dunque avevano a corte un ruolo riconosciuto. In Italia essi dovevano industriarsi tra vari incarichi e non disdegnavano neanche quelli più infami: uno di loro si offre perfino di eseguire la sentenza che condanna un prete alla castrazione. C'erano tuttavia anche in Italia ruoli ufficializzati e molto ambiti: erano quelli degli araldi e canterini che venivano assunti dalle amministrazioni comunali di molte città dell'Italia centrale e che avevano il compito di rallegrare i reggitori della Cosa pubblica nelle pause del loro lavoro. Un'altra importante occasione di lavoro si offrirà poi con la rinascita dell'istituzione teatrale, che prenderà il via nell'Italia umanistica e che avrà in loro importanti punti di riferimento.A difficult question to answer is whether the Italian giulleria had its own specificity compared to that of other European areas. In fact, the frequent cultural exchanges among the different areas of jesters were encouraged by their nomadic lifestyle. The author pauses to examine the contacts between Italy and Spain, citing examples that demonstrate the widespread presence of Spanish entertainers in Italy and Italians in Iberia. The life of the Italian court jesters was very different from that of the French ones, who were often recruited en titre d'office and therefore had a recognized role at court. In Italy they had to strive in the various tasks and did not disdain even the most infamous one: one of them even offers to execute the sentence which condemns a priest to castration. In Italy, however, there were also formalized and sought-after roles: those were the heralds and singers who were hired by local government of many cities in central Italy and had the task of cheering the leaders of res publica in the pauses of their work. Another important job opportunity will then be played with the rebirth of the theatrical institution, that will start in the humanistic Italy and which will have in them important benchmarks

Comparison of passive cervical spine flexion in children and adults

Head trauma is the most frequent injury sustained by children in car crashes, and the neck plays a key role in governing head kinematics during the crash. Pediatric anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) are used to assess the risk of head injury, yet the pediatric ATD neck is a size-scaled model of the adult ATD neck, with no consideration for the tissue properties and morphological changes during human development. To help understand the effects of maturation on the changes in neck flexion biomechanics, this study compared the passive cervical spine flexion of children to adults in specific age groups (6-8, 9-12, 20-29, 30-40 years). Subjects with restrained torsos and lower extremities were exposed to a 1 g inertial load in the posterior-to-anterior direction, such that the head-neck complex flexed when the subject relaxed their neck musculature. Surface electromyography with audio feedback was used to coach the subjects to relax their neck musculature. A multicamera 3-D target tracking system was employed to capture the motion of specific landmarks on the head (Frankfort Plane) and thoracic spine (Tl and T4). Neck flexion angle with muscles relaxed was calculated for each subject. Neck flexion angle significantly decreased with age, with changes in head-to-neck girth ratio partially explaining the decrease. A statistically significant increase in cervical spine flexion was found in adult females compared to adult males. Data also illustrate this trend in children, but it was not statistically significant. In summary, these results demonstrate an increased passive cervical spine flexion in children compared to adults, and females compared to males. These data will help guide the development and validation of pediatric ATDs

Sobre o polimorfismo dos carbhidretos das balatas.

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Doctor of Philosophy

dissertationAbusive head trauma (AHT) is a prominent cause of death and disability in children in the United States. Retinal hemorrhage (RH) is often used to diagnose AHT, but injury mechanisms and thresholds are unknown. One goal of our research is to develop a finite element (FE) model of the human infant eye to evaluate changes in retinal stress and strain during infant head trauma. However, there are no published data characterizing agedependent material properties of ocular tissues. To characterize age and strain-rate dependent properties, we tested sclera and retina from preterm, infant, and adult sheep according to two uniaxial tensile test protocols. In general, scleral strength decreased with age, whereas no age effect was found for the retina. Sclera and retina had a stiffer elastic response when tested at higher strain-rates. Anterior sclera was stiffer than posterior sclera. In preparation to collect human tissue, viable storage techniques and postmortem time frames for material testing were determined. Pediatric scleral specimens were evaluated up to 24 hours postmortem. Retinal and scleral fresh, frozen-then-thawed, and fixed specimens were also evaluated. Adult sclera maintains its integrity for 24 hours, but immature sclera softened after 10 hours postmortem. Freezing then thawing had minimal effect on the material properties of retina and sclera suggesting this may be a suitable shipping method for the pediatric ocular tissues. The mechanical data were used to determine appropriate constitutive models for the sclera and retina. The material models were implemented into a FE model of the eye and validated against experimental ocular inflation tests. Finally, a whole model was generated to represent an infant eye subjected to shaking. Vitreoretinal interaction parameters were varied to analyze the changes in retinal stress and strain. Interaction parameters minimally affected retinal stress and strain. Overall, the equatorial retina experienced the greatest stress and strain. Stress and strain increased with the addition of shaking cycles. The anterior retina experienced greater strain than the posterior region after the first cycle and for the remaining rotation sequence. With additional refinement, these models will be valuable to investigate potential injury mechanisms of RH and potentially differentiate abuse-related RH

Development and Regression of Cirrhosis

Liver cirrhosis is the ultimate consequence of the wound healing reaction subsequent to a chronic injury, which leads to a complete derangement of the normal hepatic lobular and vascular architecture. Cirrhosis is characterized by patterns of evolution depending on the causative agent and a series of complex underlining mechanisms in which neo-angiogenesis and necro-inflammation play a key role. The importance of the different cell types involved and of the extracellular matrix composition as well as the role of innate immunity, bacterial translocation and oxidative stress are also emerging. A variable degree of regression of fibrosis and even cirrhosis has been described, in experimental models, after suspension of the liver disease causative agent. As some individual features influence the rate of fibrosis progression, genetic and epigenetic factors are likely to influence fibrosis regression. Key Messages: There is increasing awareness that cirrhosis is not a static condition but a dynamic process. Current semi-quantitative scores and clinical classifications are inaccurate and unable to identify the different phases of evolution of the advanced stages of chronic liver diseases (CLDs). The increasing availability of effective etiology-driven therapeutic options for CLDs makes reversion of cirrhosis a more possible prospective. However, the removal of the causing agent, depending on the stage of the disease, does not necessarily eliminate the risk of disease progression, decompensation and development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Also, the non-invasive markers currently validated for the assessment of fibrosis are not suitable for an effective evaluation of fibrosis regression. Conclusions: There is a critical need of a system that would be able to more accurately describe the dynamic development of cirrhosis and the impact of tissue fibrosis, neo-angiogenesis, necro-inflammation and attempted regeneration on its evolution. Effective treatment of CLD can lead to a variable degree of fibrosis regression. New markers able to evaluate this process will need to be detected and validated

Analyse de l’impact du changement de mission de Miremont de centre de réadaptation en établissement médico-social

Le présent travail est élaboré sur mandat de la fondation de Miremont. Il a pour objectif l’analyse de l’impact du changement de mission de Miremont de centre de réadaptation en établissement médico-social. La fondation de Miremont fait face à un changement stratégique de grande ampleur. En effet, le changement de mission qu’il doit appliquer modifiera sa structure notamment sur les aspects financiers et RH

Functionalized additively manufactured parts for the manufacturing of the future

Abstract Innovation technology is giving the opportunity to fabricate products and parts in alternative ways and with special characteristics, which do not strictly depend on the primary manufacturing process. In particular, smart manufacturing seeks for flexible systems and customizable products, recognizing additive manufacturing (AM) processes as a key element. To successfully integrate AM into the production chain it is necessary to overcome its limitations in terms of final product quality and reliability, wisely choosing post-processing operations. This work outlines how it is possible to significantly improve AM product performance using an environment friendly process, such as burnishing, coupled with a numerical simulation model encouraging customer integration and developing a flexible manufacturing process capable to conform with the main idea behind Industry 4.0

Burnishing of AM materials to obtain high performance part surfaces

Purpose: This paper aims to provide a flexible solution to include additive manufacturing into a process chain complying with Industry 4.0 pillars, overcoming major drawbacks in terms of reliability and experimental effort. Design/methodology/approach: The study is based on the combination of real experimental activities and simulated ones. Findings: The main findings of this work consist into validation of the proposed process chain, which proves to be effective in terms of process flexibility (additive manufacturing, burnishing and process simulation acting synergistically), cost and time reduction and final output quality, encouraging customer involvement towards customization. Originality/value: This paper contributes to current research on the application of burnishing process, an easy to implement and environmentally friendly post-processing method to improve the performance of AM products, by providing a unique perspective integrating a reliable simulation model. Other researchers can employ these outcomes towards manufacturing of the future. A reduced version of this work has been previously published in Procedia Computer Science (Sanguedolce, Rotella, Saffioti & Filice, 2021)Peer Reviewe

Biosensors for studies on adhesion-mediated cellular responses to their microenvironment

Cells interact with their microenvironment by constantly sensing mechanical and chemical cues converting them into biochemical signals. These processes allow cells to respond and adapt to changes in their environment, and are crucial for most cellular functions. Understanding the mechanism underlying this complex interplay at the cell-matrix interface is of fundamental value to decipher key biochemical and mechanical factors regulating cell fate. The combination of material science and surface chemistry aided in the creation of controllable environments to study cell mechanosensing and mechanotransduction. Biologically inspired materials tailored with specific bioactive molecules, desired physical properties and tunable topography have emerged as suitable tools to study cell behavior. Among these materials, synthetic cell interfaces with built-in sensing capabilities are highly advantageous to measure biophysical and biochemical interaction between cells and their environment. In this review, we discuss the design of micro and nanostructured biomaterials engineered not only to mimic the structure, properties, and function of the cellular microenvironment, but also to obtain quantitative information on how cells sense and probe specific adhesive cues from the extracellular domain. This type of responsive biointerfaces provides a readout of mechanics, biochemistry, and electrical activity in real time allowing observation of cellular processes with molecular specificity. Specifically designed sensors based on advanced optical and electrochemical readout are discussed. We further provide an insight into the emerging role of multifunctional micro and nanosensors to control and monitor cell functions by means of material design.Fil: Saffioti, Nicolas Andres. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Martin. Instituto de Nanosistemas; ArgentinaFil: Cavalcanti Adam, Elisabetta Ada. Max Planck Institute for Medical Research. Department Of Cellular Biophysics; AlemaniaFil: Pallarola, Diego Andres. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Martin. Instituto de Nanosistemas; Argentin

Hepatocellular carcinoma in children: Hepatic resection and liver transplantation

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a rare malignancy in children and at the time of diagnosis up to 80% of pediatric HCC are unresectable due to large and multiple lesions. The majority of pediatric HCC occurs on a background of normal liver, and consequently the absence of concomitant chronic liver disease generally allows tolerating pre-and post-operative chemotherapy. Based on the large experiences of adult HCC and pediatric hepatoblastoma, in the last years a multidisciplinary aggressive treatment composed of surgical resection and chemotherapy (based on cisplatin and doxorubicin) has been proposed, improving patient outcomes and recurrence rate in children with HCC. However, the overall survival rate in children with HCC is not satisfactory yet; while the 5-year survival rate may achieve up to 70-80% in non-metastatic resectable HCC, it remains <20% in children with unresectable HCC. The mainstay of the pediatric HCC therapeutic strategy is the radical tumor resection, weather by hepatic resection or liver transplantation, nevertheless the best surgical approaches as well as the optimal neoadjuvant and adjuvant treatment are still under debate. Different strategies have been explored to convert unresectable HCC into resectable tumors by extending criteria for surgical treatment and/or associating multi-modal treatments, such as systemic and local-regional therapy, but universal recommendation needs to be defined yet. The purpose of this review is to outline the role of different surgical approaches, including hepatic resection and liver transplantation, in pediatric HCC with or without underlying chronic liver disease