Ultrafast Optical Properties of La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 Thin Films

Thin film solids often exhibit different physical properties in the ultra-thin regime. Enhancement of surface to bulk ratio results in the domination of surface/interface related phenomena such as surface recombination. Moreover, in the ultra-thin regime, quantum size and quantum confinement effects can alter the band gap of the system and constrain the strain wave propagation in the thin film. Ultrafast properties of solids can also be drastically altered in the ultra-thin regime due to the aforementioned phenomena. Experimentally, observation of these phenomena is challenging due to the insufficient material to absorb and interact with the electromagnetic wave. This dissertation addresses the altercation of the ultrafast phenomena in the ultra-thin regime in complex oxide La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 (LSMO) films. To accomplish this goal, a degenerate optical ultrafast pumpprobe setup was developed to perform transient reflectivity (TR) experiments in cross linear and circular polarization configurations. Analyzing methods were ranged from multi-decay component modeling to understand the ultrafast dynamics, to the newly introduced wavelet analysis to study the propagation of transient strain waves in ultra-thin films. Moreover, density functional theory has been used as a complementary method to further prove the claims made based on the observations. Spectroscopic ellipsometry of LSMO ultra-thin films illustrate optical transitions between the substrate (STO3) and thin film’s orbitals, at the interface. It has been indicated that, in the ultra-thin regime, the dominated surface recombination results in a complete excited carriers’ energy loss in less than a few hundreds of picoseconds. Hence, the surface recombination, that is known to be detrimental for device purposes, is introduced as a phenomenon that can be useful for ultrafast switches in ultra-thin films. Moreover, the ultrafast photoinduced spin polarization of LSMO thin films exhibit a sharp decrease in ultrafast regime (~ 1 ps) which suggest LSMO thin films to be used in ultrafast magnetic switches. Wavelet analysis was introduced as an efficient method, compared to the Fourier transform, to analyze oscillatory modes superimposed on the TR signal which are caused by the propagation of strain wave longitudinally in the thin film. As a result, it has been illustrated that the sound velocity in LSMO ultra-thin films increases by decreasing the film thickness. Strong energy transfer between the thin film and the substrate has also been observed using wavelet analysis

The intelligent estimating of spinal column abnormalities by using artificial neural networks and characteristics vector extracted from image processing of reflective markers

Spinal column abnormities such as kyphosis and lordosis are the most common deformity that normally compare to the standard norms. To classify the subjects into the healthy and abnormal groups based on the angle values of the standard norms, the aim of this study was to use the artificial neural network method as a standard way for realizing the spinal column abnormalities. In this way, 40 male students (26 ± 2 years old, 72 ± 2.5 kg weight, and 169 ± 5.5 cm height) volunteered for this research. The lumbar lordosis and thoracic kyphosis angles were analyzed using an image processing of 13 reflective markers set on the spines process of the thoracic and lumbar spine. Therefore, after analyzing the position of these markers, a characteristic vector was extracted from the lateral side of every subject. The artificial neural network was trained by using the characteristic vector extracted from the labeled image of that person to diagnose abnormalities. The results indicate that the high efficiency of this method as the CCR (train) and CCR (test) was about 96 and 93%, respectively. These results show that the neural network can be considered as a standard way to diagnose the spinal abnormalities. Moreover, the most important benefit of this method is the estimation of spinal column abnormalities without considering intermediate quantities, and also the standard norms of these intermediate quantities can be considered as a non-invasive method.Keywords: Abnormality, spinal column, kyphosis, lordosis, neural network, classificationAfrican Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 12(4), pp. 419-42

Realistic Interpretation in Criminal Procedure (With Emphasis on Article 79 of Criminal Procedure Act)

two methods of formalist or Aristotelian and the realistic interpretation stem from different law theories. In the former method of interpretation, the interpreter, with the character  of a mathematician, interprets in a mathematical way and draws conclusions from the previous rules.  In fact, in this method, the former rules are the sacred permissible image, and the application of the minor to the logical cobra brings the result to the mind of the judge. In fact The result is not obvious from the beginning.  Whereas in the latter interpretation, the interpreter knows the result from beginning by legal intuition or any other approach, and then, for his result, he or she uses  the old rules.  So in the first method, moving is from the rule to the result and in the second method, moving is from result to the rule.  Applying these two methods in relation with prosecution abandonment in criminal procedure will undoubtedly lead to two different results.  The first method, with a serious concentration on Article 79 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, considers the issuance of this warrant  to be one of the exclusive duties of the prosecutor and regardless of the result. While in the second method, the interpreter is fair and because he consider  the warrant as good, he accept that in criminal procedure

Strategic reactions to information content of dividend change: applying BCG growth share matrix when signalling hypothesis identified

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THE EFFECT OF GENDER AND ANTHROPOMETRICAL PARAMETERS ON DYNAMIC OF SPRINT START AMONG YOUNG ELITE SPRINTERS

The sprint start is a complex motor task characterized by large forces exerted in the horizontal direction and ability to generate these forces in a short time. The aim of this research was to study the starting block dynamics parameters during the sprint start. Moreover, gender and anthropometrical measurements as corrected thigh girth (CTG), corrected calf girth (CCG) and total body skeletal muscle mass (SMM) were used to evaluate their influence on the dynamic variables. The results presented a significant influence of age, gender and other anthropometrical parameters on block velocity, block acceleration, force and impulse, where the older boys displayed significantly higher block variable values than girls. Moreover, the maximum force exerted on the front and rear legs were the best predictor for the mean velocity of the sprinters

Cost-Effectiveness of Sorafenib for Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review

Introduction: Sorafenib is a multi-kinase inhibitor and decreases tumor cell proliferation. This study aimed to systematically review the existing evidence related to its cost-effectiveness.  Methods and Results: EMBASE, MEDLINE, PUBMED, Google Scholar, and the Scopus database were searched and articles were selected on the basis of their correlation with the economic evaluations of Sorafenib. The quality of the selected studies was assessed using the Quality of Health Economic Studies instrument. This review revealed costs per quality-adjusted life years in the range of US $89,160 to$118,825, depending on whether the setting was first-line or second-line and which comparator is utilized. The results indicated that Sorafenib had not been considered as an appropriate treatment option for patients with metastasis Renal Cell Carcinoma (mRCC). Sorafenib was dominated (i.e. higher cost and lower efficacy) in comparison with Sunitinib in all cases. However, Sorafenib would be more cost-effective in comparison with bevacizumab plus interferon alfa in the treatment of mRCC.  Conclusion: Sorafenib was more effective with higher cost than Best Supportive Care but Sorafenib was not cost-effective in view of current willingness to pay threshold

A Novel Method for Detecting Breast Cancer Location Based on Growing GA-FCM Approach

The main idea of this article is to provide a numerical diagnostic method for breast cancer diagnosis of the MRI images. To achieve this goal, we used the region's growth method to identify the target area. In the area's growth method, based on the similarity or homogeneity of the adjacent pixels, the image is subdivided into distinct areas according to the criteria used for homogeneity analysis to determine their belonging to the corresponding region. In this paper, we used manual methods and use of FCM as the function of genetic algorithm fitness. The presented algorithm is performed for 212 healthy and 110 patients. Results show that GA-FCM method have better performance than hand method to select initial points. The sensitivity of presented method is 0.67. The results of the comparison of the fuzzy fitness function in the genetic algorithm with other technique show that the proposed model is better suited to the Jaccard index with the highest Jaccard values and the lowest Jaccard distance. Among the techniques, the presented works well because of the similarity of techniques and the lowest Jaccard distance. Values close to 0.9 are close to 0.8