Common zeros preserving maps on vector-valued function spaces and Banach modules

Let X, Y be Hausdorff topological spaces, and let E and F be Hausdorff topological vector spaces. For certain subspaces A (X,E) and A(Y, F) of C(X,E) and C(Y, F) respectively (including the spaces of Lipschitz functions), we characterize surjections S, T : A (X;E) → A(Y, F), not assumed to be linear, which jointly preserve common zeros in the sense that Z (f - f') ∩ Z (f - f') ∩ Z (g - g') ≠ 0 if and only if Z (Sf - Sf') ∩ Z (Tg - Tg') ≠ 0 for all f, f', g, g' ∈ A (X, E). Here Z (·)denotes the zero set of a function. Using the notion of point multipliers we extend the notion of zero set for the elements of a Banach module and give a representation for surjective linear maps which jointly preserve common zeros in module case

Algebraic reflexivity of diameter-preserving linear bijections between C(X)C(X)-spaces

We prove that if $X$ and $Y$ are first countable compact Hausdorff spaces, then the set of all diameter-preserving linear bijections from $C(X)$ to $C(Y)$ is algebraically reflexive.Comment: 13 page

Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BackgroundDisorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021.MethodsWe estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined.FindingsGlobally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378–521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20–3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5–45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7–26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6–38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5–32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7–2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer.InterpretationAs the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed

Isometries on certain non-complete vector-valued function spaces

Surjective, not necessarily linear isometries T: AC(X, E)→AC(Y, F) between vector-valued absolutely continuous functions on compact subsets X and Y of the real line have recently been described as generalized weighted composition operators. The target spaces E and F are strictly convex normedspaces. In this paper, we assume that X and Y are compact Hausdorff spaces and E and F are normed spaces, which are not assumed to be strictly convex. We describe (with a short proof) surjective isometries T:(A,‖·‖A)→(B,‖·‖B) between certain normed subspaces A and B of C(X, E)and C(Y, F), respectively. We consider three cases for F with some mild conditions. The first case, in particular, provides a short proof for the above result, without assuming that the target spaces are strictly convex. The other cases give some generalizations in this topic. As a consequence, the results can be applied, for isometries (notnecessarily linear) between spaces of absolutely continuous vector-valued func-tions, (little) Lipschitz functions and also continuously differentiable functions

Common zeros preserving maps on vector-valued function spaces and Banach modules

Let X, Y be Hausdorff topological spaces, and let E and F be Hausdorff topological vector spaces. For certain subspaces A (X,E) and A(Y, F) of C(X,E) and C(Y, F) respectively (including the spaces of Lipschitz functions), we characterize surjections S, T : A (X;E) → A(Y, F), not assumed to be linear, which jointly preserve common zeros in the sense that Z (f - f') ∩ Z (f - f') ∩ Z (g - g') ≠ 0 if and only if Z (Sf - Sf') ∩ Z (Tg - Tg') ≠ 0 for all f, f', g, g' ∈ A (X, E). Here Z (·)denotes the zero set of a function. Using the notion of point multipliers we extend the notion of zero set for the elements of a Banach module and give a representation for surjective linear maps which jointly preserve common zeros in module case