Synthesis and evaluation of novel analogues of mangiferin as potent antipyretic

ObjectiveTo screen different analogues of mangiferin pharmacologically for antipyretic activity.MethodsThe naturally occurring xanthone glycoside mangiferin was isolated by column chromatography from the ethanolic extract of stem bark of Mangifera indica. Mangiferin was further converted to 5–(N–phenylamino methyleno) mangiferin, 5–(N–p–chlorophenylamino methyleno) mangiferin, 5–(N–2-methyl phenylamino methyleno) mangiferin, 5–(N–p–methoxy phenylamino methyleno) mangiferin, 5–(N, N–diphenylamino methyleno) mangiferin, 5–(N–α–napthylamino methyleno) mangiferin and 5–(N–4–methyl phenylamino methyleno) mangiferin analogues. The synthesized compounds were further screened for antipyretic activity along with mangiferin at a dose level of 100 and 200 mg/kg. Mangiferin and its analogues were characterized by melting point andRfvalue determination and through spectral technique like UV, IR, and NMR spectral analysis.ResultsThe antipyretic activity of mangiferin as well as all analogues was found to be more significant in at higher dose ie. 200 mg/kg which was depicted through a decrease in rectal temperature up to 3 h.ConclusionsThe antipyretic activity of mangiferin and its analogues may be attributed to inhibition in synthesis of TNF–α and anti-oxidant activity associated with amelioration of inflammatory actions of cytokines

Biogas generation from palm oleochemical effluent for steam production

Palm oleochemical industries have huge market potential but it is unsustainable due to the high utilization of fossil fuel and high generation of liquid waste which is harmful to the environment. The main purpose of this project is to identify and analyse the best option to reduce the chemical oxygen demand in the liquid waste by treating in anaerobic digester and to optimize the generation of biogas. The controlling of pH, temperature, alkalinity and volatile fatty acid in the digestion process in a systematic way has brought down the chemical oxygen demand of the liquid waste to a safe environmental standard to support the Malaysian Environmental Quality Act. The efficient control and reduction of chemical oxygen demand is optimizing the generation of biogas as a by-product and also as a renewable potential energy resource. The biogas generated has a calorific value of 5600kcal/kg and it is effectively utilized in the generation of steam in a fire tube boiler.The steam produced is used for the process heating and this is minimising the dependency on fossil fuel. The utilization of biogas has successfully reduced carbon dioxide emission and yield savings for oleochemical industries

Antihistaminic and antiviral activities of steroids of Turbinaria conoides

The steroids 3,6,17-trihydroxy-stigmasta-4,7,24(28)-triene (A) and 14,15,18,20-diepoxyturbinarin (B) were isolated from the cyclohexane extract of brown alga, Turbinaria conoides (J. Agardh) Kutzing, and have been reported for their antimicrobial activity by us. In this study, the isolated compounds were evaluated for comprehensive antihistaminic, antiviral and cytotoxicity screening. The antihistaminic study was performed using in vitro standard animal models. Evaluation of the potency (EC(50)), affinity (pA(2)) and the maximal response (E(max)) of the histamine alone and in the presence of the compounds were determined. Antiviral activity and cytotoxicity were performed in Crandell-Rees feline kidney (CRFK) cells by a colorimetric formazan-based MTS assay. No significant antiviral activity or cytotoxicity were observed for the compounds in the CRFK cells. Compound A inhibited the histamine-induced concentration at 20 µg mL(-1)(p < 0.05). The most significant inhibition (97%) was observed for compound B (p < 0.01) at the same concentration, which was comparable to that of the positive control chlorpheniramine maleate (10 µg mL(-1)). This potentiality suggests that 14,15,18,20-diepoxyturbinarin (B) can be developed as a new lead antihistaminic agent.status: publishe

Acute Toxicity Study and Antipyretic Effect of the Brown Alga Turbinaria Conoides (J. Agardh) Kuetz

The active principles of brown alga, Turbinaria conoides (J.Agardh) Kuetz. (Sargassaceae) was extracted with n-hexane, cyclohexane, methanol and ethanol-water (1:1) and investigated for acute toxicity and antipyretic activity. Phytochemical analysis of the extracts revealed the presence of steroids, flavonoids and reducing sugars. Acute toxicity study was performed in Wistar rats after administration of extracts orally. No mortality was observed up to the dose of 5g/kg for methanol and ethanol-water (1:1) extracts whereas n-hexane and cyclohexane extracts were found to be toxic at the dose levels of 1g/kg and 2 g/kg respectively. In biochemical analysis, n-hexane, cyclohexane and ethanol-water (1:1) extracts caused a significant (P<0.01) increase in serum cholesterol, protein and alkaline phosphatase levels. In haematological studies, a significant difference was observed for cyclohexane and ethanol-water (1:1) extracts in polymorphs, lymphocytes and eosinophils when compared to the control. Antipyretic activity of extracts (100–400 mg/kg doses) was carried out on yeast-induced pyrexia in rats. Cyclohexane extract exhibited more significant antipyretic activity (P<0.01) than the other extracts at a dose of 200mg/kg (54.43%), which was comparable to that of paracetamol at a dose of 33 mg/kg. The findings validated the use of this brown alga in traditional cure of children's fever

Antimicrobial Evaluation of Mangiferin Analogues

The naturally occurring xanthone glycoside mangiferin has been isolated by column chromatography from the ethanol extract of stem bark of Mangifera indica. Mangiferin was further converted to 5-(N-phenylaminomethyleno)mangiferin, 5-(N-p-chlorophenylaminomethyleno) mangiferin, 5-(N-2-methylphenylaminomethyleno) mangiferin, 5-(N-p-methoxyphenylaminomethyleno) mangiferin, 5-(N, N-diphenylaminomethyleno) mangiferin, 5-(N--napthylaminomethyleno) mangiferin and 5-(N-4-methylphenylaminomethyleno) mangiferin. Mangiferin and its analogues were characterized by melting point and Rf value determination and through spectral technique like UV, IR, and NMR spectral analysis. The synthesized compounds were screened for antimicrobial activity

Isolation of active coagulant protein from the seeds of <i>Strychnos potatorum</i> – a potential water treatment agent

<p>The application of natural coagulants for decentralized water treatment is gaining importance as a part of global sustainable initiative. This study focuses on the isolation of active coagulation components responsible for water clarification with respect to <i>Strychnos potatorum</i> seeds. The active coagulant components, protein and polysaccharide, were successfully isolated, dialysed and subjected to gel permeation chromatography. The polysaccharide was isolated with the saline extraction method and characterized using FTIR and NMR spectroscopy. Protein was precipitated with 80% ammonium sulphate solution combined with dialysis and gel permeation chromatography using Sephadex G-50. SDS-PAGE revealed that the isolated protein has a molecular weight of 12 kDa. The small-scale coagulation assay suggests that the protein fraction has superior coagulation activity than the isolated polysaccharide residue. The active coagulant fractions reported in this study would be helpful in deploying cheaper and simple methods in scaling up the coagulant fraction from these seeds acting as a potential water treatment agent.</p