Strength of selection pressure is an important parameter contributing to the complexity of antibiotic resistance evolution

Revealing the genetic changes responsible for antibiotic resistance can be critical for developing novel antibiotic therapies. However, systematic studies correlating genotype to phenotype in the context of antibiotic resistance have been missing. In order to fill in this gap, we evolved 88 isogenic Escherichia coli populations against 22 antibiotics for 3 weeks. For every drug, two populations were evolved under strong selection and two populations were evolved under mild selection. By quantifying evolved populations' resistances against all 22 drugs, we constructed two separate cross-resistance networks for strongly and mildly selected populations. Subsequently, we sequenced representative colonies isolated from evolved populations for revealing the genetic basis for novel phenotypes. Bacterial populations that evolved resistance against antibiotics under strong selection acquired high levels of cross-resistance against several antibiotics, whereas other bacterial populations evolved under milder selection acquired relatively weaker cross-resistance. In addition, we found that strongly selected strains against aminoglycosides became more susceptible to five other drug classes compared with their wild-type ancestor as a result of a point mutation on TrkH, an ion transporter protein. Our findings suggest that selection strength is an important parameter contributing to the complexity of antibiotic resistance problem and use of high doses of antibiotics to clear infections has the potential to promote increase of cross-resistance in clinics

Mikrovasküler anatomoza eritropoietinin etkileri

Eritropoietin eritroid ve endotelial prekürsörlerin proliferasyonu için önemli bir düzenleyicidir, fakat eritropoietinin mikrovasküler anastomozda potansiyel reendotelizan olarak rolü tam olarak tanımlanmamıştır. Bu çalışmada rat femoral arter mikrovasküler anastomozu sonrası eritropoetinin reendotelizasyon potansiyelini araştırdık. Doksan altı erkek Sprague- Dawley rat rastgele sekiz gruba ayrıldı. Tüm ratlarda sol femoral artere mikrovasküler anastomoz yapıldı. Eritropoietin gruplarına 150 U/kg subkutan rHuEPO verilirken, kontrol gruplarına hiçbir tedavi uygulanmadı. Morfometrik analiz için tüm râtlar sakrifiye edildi. Her arterial segmentin morfometrik analizi tek patolog tarafından Clemex Image Analysis bilgisayar programı kullanılarak yapıldı. Neointima ve media alanları ölçüldü ve intima/media oranları hesaplandı. Ayrıca, tüm ratlann hematokrit değerleri ölçüldü. Neointima alanı ve neointimanın mediaya oranı eritropoietin gruplarında kontrol gruplarından önemli ölçüde azdı ( p0,05 ). Sonuç olarak, bu çalışma eritropoietinin mikrovasküler anastomoz sonrası rat femoral arterinde reendotelizasyonu hızlandırarak neointimal formasyonu inhibe ettiğini göstermiştir.The effects of erythropoietin on microvascular anastomosis. Erythropoietin is a critical regulator for the proliferation of erythroid and endothelial precursors, but its reendothelialization potential in the microvascular anastomosis has not been defined. In this study, we investigated the reendothelialization potential of erythropoietin after microvascular anastomosis in rat femoral artery. Ninty-six male Sprague- Dawley rats were randomly allocated into eight groups. Left femoral artery microvascular anastomosis was performed in all rats. In the control groups no treatment were given, while 150 U/kg subcutaneous rHuEPO were administered in all erythropoietin groups. All rats were sacrified for morphometric analysis. Morphometric analysis of each arterial segment was performed with a computerized sketching program (Clemex Image Analysis) by a single pathologist. The crossection areas of the media and neointima were measured and intima/media ratios were calculated. Furthermore, haematocrit values were measured in all rats. Neointima area and the ratio of neointima to media area were significantly less in erythropoietin groups than in control groups (p<0,05). However, no significant difference for haematocrit levels were observed betwen the contol and erythropoietin groups (p<0,05). In conclusion, this study demonstrated that erythropoietin application markedly inhibited neointimal formation with accelerated reendothelialization in rat femoral arteries after microvascular anastomosis

The treatment of ankyloglossia with an acrylic plaque Instead of graft

Ankyloglossia dilin ağız tabanına yapışık olması ya da aradaki bağın normalden daha kısa olması halini anlatan bir terimdir. Bu durum dil hareketlerini ve dilin fonksiyonlarını engelleyerek emme güçlüğü, meme başı yaraları, erken sütten kesilme ve hatta konuşma bozukluğu gibi önemli problemlere yol açabilmektedir. Eriten tanı ve minör bir cerrahi girişimle kolayca tedavi edilebilen anlcyloglossia olgularında, çocukların genellikle 0-1 yaş döneminde olması nedeniyle postoperatif bakım problemleriyle karşılaşılmaktadır. Bunlar arasında enfeksiyon, greft maserasyonu ve sekonder yapışıklıklar sayılabilir. Buyazıda, dilin ağız tabanına tam yapışık olduğu ankyloglossia vakalarında tedaviyi vepostoperatif bakımı kolaylaştırmak, buna ek olarak sekonder komplikasyonlan en aza indirmek amacıyla özel olarak planlanmış bir akrilikplak tanıtılmakta ve kullanım sonuçlan bir olgu üzerinde tartışılmaktadır.Ankyloglossia is a common condition characterized by the short membrane under the tongue or distally attachement of the tongue to the floor of the mouth. This situation limits the range of motion of the tongue, impairing Us ability to fulfill its functions and causes some problems such as: early weaning, speech disorders and nipple masseration. Secondary adhesions, infections and speech impairments frequently occur in postoperatively period. A new acrylic apparatus has been presented in this article, as supporter for surgical treatment of severe ankyloglossia with related case report

Humidity sensing properties of steatite ceramic containing B2O3

In this work, humidity sensing properties of steatite ceramic containing with boron oxide was investigated. The properties of the sample were determined by using impedance measurements at a frequency of 10 kHz. These measurements have been performed according to various relative humidity values and time spans. It has been found that there is a sharp decrease in impedance values and very short response-recovery time of the sample. Complex impedance properties of the ceramic were determined by equivalent circuit and the conductivity mechanism was discussed. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Association between Plasma Fibrinogen Level and Saphenous Vein Graft Patency

BACKGROUND: Fibrinogen is related to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The inflammatory process in atherosclerosis may cause an increase in plasma fibrinogen level. Therefore, in this study we proposed to investigate whether plasma fibrinogen is associated with the patency of saphenous vein graft in patients at least 1 year after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. METHODS: Patients who had undergone CABG surgery at least 1 year previously with at least one saphenous vein graft were included in the study. Patients were directed to cardiac catheterization for stable anginal symptoms or positive stress test results. Before coronary angiography, all patients underwent routine blood tests including assessment of plasma fibrinogen levels. RESULTS: Saphenous vein grafts were found to be patent in 199 patients and occluded in 132 patients. Plasma fibrinogen levels were significantly different between the two groups (2.85 ± 0.49 g/L vs. 3.62 ± 0.82 g/L, p < 0.001, respectively). Although the time duration after CABG operation differs significantly between the two groups (p = 0.004), multiple logistic regression analysis showed that plasma fibrinogen levels were found to be significantly associated with the patency of vein graft (odds ratio = 0.27, 95% confidence internal: 0.16-0.48, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrated that plasma fibrinogen levels were higher in patients with an occluded saphenous vein graft. To conclusively prove the relationship between plasma fibrinogen values and saphenous vein graft patency, additional investigation would be necessary