6,482 research outputs found
Tergitol enables the rapid and inexpensive scoring of nutritional and drug-resistance markers in the progeny of Neurospora crassa genetic crosses
After cultures from the progeny ascospores of a genetic cross containing nutritional markers are obtained, it is often necessary to test them on a variety of media. Testing using individual culture tubes may be ideal, but is time consuming. In contrast, inoculation of plates with conidial suspensions is relatively quick
Lightcone reference for total gravitational energy
We give an explicit expression for gravitational energy, written solely in
terms of physical spacetime geometry, which in suitable limits agrees with the
total Arnowitt-Deser-Misner and Trautman-Bondi-Sachs energies for
asymptotically flat spacetimes and with the Abbot-Deser energy for
asymptotically anti-de Sitter spacetimes. Our expression is a boundary value of
the standard gravitational Hamiltonian. Moreover, although it stands alone as
such, we derive the expression by picking the zero-point of energy via a
``lightcone reference.''Comment: latex, 7 pages, no figures. Uses an amstex symbo
New Innovation Models in Medical AI
In recent years, scientists and researchers have devoted considerable resources to developing medical artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. Many of these technologies—particularly those that resemble traditional medical devices in their functions—have received substantial attention in the legal and policy literature. But other types of novel AI technologies, such as those related to quality improvement and optimizing use of scarce facilities, have been largely absent from the discussion thus far. These AI innovations have the potential to shed light on important aspects of health innovation policy. First, these AI innovations interact less with the legal regimes that scholars traditionally conceive of as shaping medical innovation: patent law, FDA regulation, and health insurance reimbursement. Second, and perhaps related, a different set of innovation stakeholders, including health systems and insurers, are conducting their own research and development in these areas for their own use without waiting for commercial product developers to innovate for them. The activities of these innovators have implications for health innovation policy and scholarship. Perhaps most notably, data possession and control play a larger role in determining capacity to innovate in this space, while the ability to satisfy the quality standards of regulators and payers plays a smaller role relative to more familiar biomedical innovations such as new drugs and devices
Quantum gravitational optics: Effective Raychaudhuri equation
Vacuum polarization in QED in a background gravitational field induces
interactions which {\it effectively} modify the classical picture of light
rays, as the null geodesics of spacetime. These interactions violate the strong
equivalence principle and affect the propagation of light leading to
superluminal photon velocities. Taking into account the QED vacuum
polarization, we study the propagation of a bundle of rays in a background
gravitational field. To do so we consider the perturbative deformation of
Raychaudhuri equation through the influence of vacuum polarization on photon
propagation. We analyze the contribution of the above interactions to the
optical scalars namely, shear, vorticity and expansion using the Newman-Penrose
formalism.Comment: 17 pages, 1 figure, RevTex format, Replaced with the published
versio
Coordinate time and proper time in the GPS
The Global Positioning System (GPS) provides an excellent educational example
as to how the theory of general relativity is put into practice and becomes
part of our everyday life. This paper gives a short and instructive derivation
of an important formula used in the GPS, and is aimed at graduate students and
general physicists.
The theoretical background of the GPS (see \cite{ashby}) uses the
Schwarzschild spacetime to deduce the {\it approximate} formula, ds/dt\approx
1+V-\frac{|\vv|^2}{2}, for the relation between the proper time rate of a
satellite clock and the coordinate time rate . Here is the gravitational
potential at the position of the satellite and \vv is its velocity (with
light-speed being normalized as ). In this note we give a different
derivation of this formula, {\it without using approximations}, to arrive at
ds/dt=\sqrt{1+2V-|\vv|^2 -\frac{2V}{1+2V}(\n\cdot\vv)^2}, where \n is the
normal vector pointing outward from the center of Earth to the satellite. In
particular, if the satellite moves along a circular orbit then the formula
simplifies to ds/dt=\sqrt{1+2V-|\vv|^2}.
We emphasize that this derivation is useful mainly for educational purposes,
as the approximation above is already satisfactory in practice.Comment: 5 pages, revised, over-over-simplified... Does anyone care that the
GPS uses an approximate formula, while a precise one is available in just a
few lines??? Physicists don'
Chiral black hole in three-dimensional gravitational Chern-Simons
A chiral black hole can be defined from the three-dimensional pure
gravitational Chern-Simons action as an independent gravitational theory. The
third order derivative of the Cotton tensor gives a dimensional constant which
plays a role of the cosmological constant. The handedness of angular momentum
depends on the signature of the Chern-Simons coefficient. Even in the massless
black hole which corresponds to the static black hole, it has a nonvanishing
angular momentum. We also study statistical entropy and thermodynamic
stability.Comment: 6 pages, a reference added, minor changes to introductio
New Innovation Models in Medical AI
In recent years, scientists and researchers have devoted considerable resources to developing medical artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. Many of these technologies—particularly those that resemble traditional medical devices in their functions—have received substantial attention in the legal and policy literature. But other types of novel AI technologies, such as those related to quality improvement and optimizing use of scarce facilities, have been largely absent from the discussion thus far. These AI innovations have the potential to shed light on important aspects of health innovation policy. First, these AI innovations interact less with the legal regimes that scholars traditionally conceive of as shaping medical innovation: patent law, FDA regulation, and health insurance reimbursement. Second, and perhaps related, a different set of innovation stakeholders, including health systems and insurers, are conducting their own research and development in these areas for their own use without waiting for commercial product developers to innovate for them. The activities of these innovators have implications for health innovation policy and scholarship. Perhaps most notably, data possession and control play a larger role in determining capacity to innovate in this space, while the ability to satisfy the quality standards of regulators and payers plays a smaller role relative to more familiar biomedical innovations such as new drugs and devices
Absorption cross section in the topologically massive gravity at the critical point
The absorption cross section for the the warped AdS black hole background
shows that it is larger than the area even if the s-wave limit is considered.
It raises some question whether the deviation from the areal cross section is
due to the warped configuration of the geometry or the rotating coordinate
system, where these two effects are mixed up in the warped AdS black hole.
So, we study the low-frequency scattering dynamics of propagating scalar fields
under the warped AdS background at the critical point which reduces to the
BTZ black hole in the rotating frame without the warped factor, which shows
that the deformation effect at the critical point does not appear.Comment: 12 pages, LaTe
Elastic cavitation, tube hollowing, and differential growth in plants and biological tissues
Elastic cavitation is a well-known physical process by which elastic materials under stress can open cavities. Usually, cavitation is induced by applied loads on the elastic body. However, growing materials may generate stresses in the absence of applied loads and could induce cavity opening. Here, we demonstrate the possibility of spontaneous growth-induced cavitation in elastic materials and consider the implications of this phenomenon to biological tissues and in particular to the problem of schizogenous aerenchyma formation
Integration of the Friedmann equation for universes of arbitrary complexity
An explicit and complete set of constants of the motion are constructed
algorithmically for Friedmann-Lema\^{i}tre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) models
consisting of an arbitrary number of non-interacting species. The inheritance
of constants of the motion from simpler models as more species are added is
stressed. It is then argued that all FLRW models admit what amounts to a unique
candidate for a gravitational epoch function (a dimensionless scalar invariant
derivable from the Riemann tensor without differentiation which is monotone
throughout the evolution of the universe). The same relations that lead to the
construction of constants of the motion allow an explicit evaluation of this
function. In the simplest of all models, the CDM model, it is shown
that the epoch function exists for all models with , but for
almost no models with .Comment: Final form to appear in Physical Review D1
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