Probabilistic projections of age-specific fertility rates (1895-2040)

El objetivo del presente trabajo es modelar y pronosticar tasas de fecundidad por edad de la madre en Argentina para períodos sin datos, con base en estadísticas vitales (1980-2014), estimaciones previas disponibles parael lapso 1955-1980, censos y proyecciones de población. Para ello, a partir de modelos de series de tiempo funcionales se proyectaron y retroproyectaron las tasas de fecundidad por edad para los períodos 1895-1955 y 2015-2040 para todo el país. Los datos obtenidos permitieron construir probables escenarios pasados y futuros de la fecundidad por edad y se revelaron relativamente coherentescon la información y las tendencias sociodemográficas generales, lo que permitióreabrir preguntas acerca del proceso de transición de la fecundidad.The goal of this article is to model and project fertility rates by age in Argentina, using vital statistics (1980-2014), population estimates, censuses, and previous estimates of fertility rates by age available for the 1955-1980 period. Using functional series models, we estimate fertility rates by age for the 1895-1950 and 2015- 2040 periods, at the national level. The data obtained allowed the construction of probable past and future age-specific fertility scenarios and revealed a relative consistency with generalFil: Sacco Zeballos, Nicolás. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Andreozzi, Lucía. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario; Argentin

Criterios de evaluación de recursos didácticos en el área de matemática

La tarea del docente se encuentra afectada por diversos factores que la enriquecen pero que también la dificultan. Uno de estos factores es el surgimiento de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC). El avance tecnológico conlleva la necesidad de investigar sobre la elaboración y el uso de recursos informáticos. La presente investigación tiene por objetivo principal formular criterios de uso de recursos didácticos vinculados con las TIC que contribuyan a la didáctica de los espacios curriculares del ISFD N° 127. Se adopta una concepción plurimetódica (Medina Rivilla, 2003). La socialización de los resultados permitirá promover y fortalecer la producción de conocimiento en el nivel educativo superior

Construyendo secuencias didácticas para la enseñanza de la matemática

La educación matemática cuenta con múltiples orientaciones que la enriquecen y ofrecen posibilidades de tomar componentes desde diferentes abordajes teóricos. Este trabajo presenta una secuencia didáctica de un contenido específico de la asignatura Análisis Matemático I, de 2do año del Profesorado en Matemática del ISFD Nº 127. El propósito es compartir la experiencia entre el docente de AMI y los docentes de fundamentos de la Matemática, quien brinda el aporte del marco teórico que fundamenta la propuesta y el de computación con el aporte de las Nuevas Tecnologías como recurso para aprender Matemática. Para la fundamentación se han considerado tres líneas de la Didáctica de la Matemática. El Enfoque Cognitivo con tres conceptos como son concepciones espontáneas, imagen conceptual y definición conceptual. La Escuela Anglosajona con elementos teóricos centrales como son la noción de problema y la de modelización como proceso continuo para la resolución de problemas. Y la Teoría de Situaciones Didácticas (TSD), la cual se centra en cuestiones de validación, enfoque necesario para la formación docente. Se considera que, como formadores de futuros docentes de matemática, es preciso brindar una propuesta educativa que incluya no sólo conocimientos de un contenido matemático específico, sino herramientas que aporten a su futura tarea. Se pretende que, a través del desarrollo de esta secuencia didáctica, sea posible el análisis conjunto entre docentes y alumnos respecto de prácticas docentes apropiadas a llevar a cabo, que sirvan de ejemplo o modelo y, simultáneamente, caracterizar otras que no lo son

Contenidos y evaluación en análisis matemático II y su implicancia en el rendimiento de los estudiantes

La disminución del desempeño de los estudiantes de Análisis Matemático II (AMII), Facultad Regional San Nicolás (FRSN - UTN) y el análisis de los resultados del tercer parcial teórico práctico de 2014, ha llevado al equipo de cátedra a implementar estrategias de enseñanza para tratar de mejorar el rendimiento de los estudiantes. Este trabajo presenta las conclusiones de la implementación de dichas estrategias en torno a nuevas instancias de evaluación y cambios en la organización y secuenciación de los contenidos. Los resultados de exámenes de 2015 muestran una mejora en el rendimiento final

Análisis Matemático II. Un recorrido innovador

Los cambios en los sujetos y contextos han llevado a los docentes universitarios a adoptar posturas críticas y reflexivas frente a su accionar diario. En 2007, los estudiantes de Análisis Matemático II de la carrera de Ingeniería de la Facultad Regional San Nicolás, Universidad Tecnológica Nacional, demostraron tener dificultades en la resolución de problemas y en el razonamiento crítico y creativo. Ello condujo a los docentes de la cátedra a iniciar diversas líneas de investigación en torno a propuestas y recursos didácticos para corregir la situación. Este artículo presenta el trabajo que viene realizando el equipo de cátedra desde 2008, en base a los constructos teóricos de configuración didáctica, intención educativa y competencia

Virulence characterization and identification of maize lines resistant to Puccinia sorghi Schwein. Present in the argentine corn belt region

Puccinia sorghi Schwein., the causal agent of maize common rust, is an endemic disease in the Argentine Corn Belt region. Virulence surveys of the pathogen population within the region have not been performed; thus, the understanding of the pathogen population is low and it is difficult to deploy resistance genes that could be effective at controlling the disease. In total, 58 single-uredinial isolates derived from infected maize leaves collected in different locations throughout the Argentine Corn Belt region during 2010 to 2012 were tested on a set of 25 maize lines carrying different Rp genes. Maize lines Rp3-A and PIO19802 showed the lowest virulence frequencies (3.4 and 1.7%, respectively) for all tested isolates. Moreover, the combination in a single genotype of the resistance genes carried by lines Rp3-A and PIO19802 or either of these lines combined with the resistance genes from PIO12345 would confer resistance to all isolates tested. Virulent isolates on maize lines Rp-G, Rp1-K, and Rp-GI were most frequent in 2012. Twenty-four virulence phenotypes were identified, with phenotypes TCCG (17.2%), TTBB (15.5%), and TCFG (10.3%) being the most common throughout the region. Adult plant resistance associated with hypersensitive response was identified at vegetative stage 6 in maize lines PIO68752, PIO28427, and PIO36420.Fil: Darino, Martín Alejandro. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Genética; ArgentinaFil: Rochi, Lucía. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Genética; ArgentinaFil: Lia, Veronica Viviana. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Biotecnología; ArgentinaFil: Kreff, Enrique D. Pioneer Hi-Bred International; ArgentinaFil: Pergolesi, Marí­a Fernanda. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Genética; ArgentinaFil: Ingala, Lorena Romina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Genética; ArgentinaFil: Dieguez, María José. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Genética; ArgentinaFil: Sacco, Francisco. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Genética; Argentin

Characterization and comparative analysis of the genome of Puccinia sorghi Schwein, the causal agent of maize common rust

Rust fungi are one of the most devastating pathogens of crop plants. The biotrophic fungus Puccinia sorghi Schwein (Ps) is responsible for maize common rust, an endemic disease of maize (Zea mays L.) in Argentina that causes significant yield losses in corn production. In spite of this, the Ps genomic sequence was not available. We used Illumina sequencing to rapidly produce the 99.6 Mb draft genome sequence of Ps race RO10H11247, derived from a single-uredinial isolate from infected maize leaves collected in the Argentine Corn Belt Region during 2010. High quality reads were obtained from 200 bp paired-end and 5000 bp mate-paired libraries and assembled in 15,722 scaffolds. A pipeline which combined an ab initio program with homology-based models and homology to in planta enriched ESTs from four cereal pathogenic fungus (the three sequenced wheat rusts and Ustilago maydis) was used to identify 21,087 putative coding sequences, of which 1599 might be part of the Ps RO10H11247 secretome. Among the 458 highly conserved protein families from the euKaryotic Orthologous Groups (KOG) that occur in a wide range of eukaryotic organisms, 97.5% have at least one member with high homology in the Ps assembly (TBlastN, E-value ⩽ e−10) covering more than 50% of the length of the KOG protein. Comparative studies with the three sequenced wheat rust fungus, and microsynteny analysis involving Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst, wheat stripe rust fungus), support the quality achieved. The results presented here show the effectiveness of the Illumina strategy for sequencing dikaryotic genomes of non-model organisms and provides reliable DNA sequence information for genomic studies, including pathogenic mechanisms of this maize fungus and molecular marker design.Instituto de GenéticaFil: Rochi, Lucía. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Genética; ArgentinaFil: Dieguez, María José. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Genética; ArgentinaFil: Burguener, Germán. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Darino, Martín Alejandro. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Genética; ArgentinaFil: Pergolesi, Marí­a Fernanda. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Genética; ArgentinaFil: Ingala, Lorena Romina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Genética; ArgentinaFil: Cuyeu, Alba Romina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Genética; ArgentinaFil: Turjanski, Adrián. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Kreff, Enrique D. Pioneer Hi-Bred International; ArgentinaFil: Sacco, Francisco. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Genética; Argentin

Global variation in postoperative mortality and complications after cancer surgery: a multicentre, prospective cohort study in 82 countries

© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licenseBackground: 80% of individuals with cancer will require a surgical procedure, yet little comparative data exist on early outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared postoperative outcomes in breast, colorectal, and gastric cancer surgery in hospitals worldwide, focusing on the effect of disease stage and complications on postoperative mortality. Methods: This was a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of consecutive adult patients undergoing surgery for primary breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer requiring a skin incision done under general or neuraxial anaesthesia. The primary outcome was death or major complication within 30 days of surgery. Multilevel logistic regression determined relationships within three-level nested models of patients within hospitals and countries. Hospital-level infrastructure effects were explored with three-way mediation analyses. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03471494. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and Jan 31, 2019, we enrolled 15 958 patients from 428 hospitals in 82 countries (high income 9106 patients, 31 countries; upper-middle income 2721 patients, 23 countries; or lower-middle income 4131 patients, 28 countries). Patients in LMICs presented with more advanced disease compared with patients in high-income countries. 30-day mortality was higher for gastric cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (adjusted odds ratio 3·72, 95% CI 1·70–8·16) and for colorectal cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (4·59, 2·39–8·80) and upper-middle-income countries (2·06, 1·11–3·83). No difference in 30-day mortality was seen in breast cancer. The proportion of patients who died after a major complication was greatest in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (6·15, 3·26–11·59) and upper-middle-income countries (3·89, 2·08–7·29). Postoperative death after complications was partly explained by patient factors (60%) and partly by hospital or country (40%). The absence of consistently available postoperative care facilities was associated with seven to 10 more deaths per 100 major complications in LMICs. Cancer stage alone explained little of the early variation in mortality or postoperative complications. Interpretation: Higher levels of mortality after cancer surgery in LMICs was not fully explained by later presentation of disease. The capacity to rescue patients from surgical complications is a tangible opportunity for meaningful intervention. Early death after cancer surgery might be reduced by policies focusing on strengthening perioperative care systems to detect and intervene in common complications. Funding: National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licenseBackground: Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide. Methods: A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study—a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3·85 [95% CI 2·58–5·75]; p<0·0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63·0% vs 82·7%; OR 0·35 [0·23–0·53]; p<0·0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer. Interpretation: Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised. Funding: National Institute for Health and Care Research