Labour Market Issues in Pakistan: Unemployment, Working Conditions, and Child Labour

Pakistan’s labour market is showing its inability to continue the past trend of labour absorption. Generation of additional work opportunities commensurate with labour supplies, increasing by over 3 percent annually, has emerged as the most formidable challenge of the nineties. The labour market is presently confronted with the twin menace of unemployment and underemployment. Although, the rate of unemployment has not as yet assumed serious proportions, the worrying aspect of this 5 percent unemployment is its concentration amongst the youth, and educated and trained. The under-utilisation of manpower, however, is manifested in the form of under-employment. There are more than a-tenth of the employed who find their work unable to keep them busy for 35 hours a week [FBS (1994)]. Further, those employed a-quarter of them find their employment income only meeting half of the subsistence requirements, while a similar proportion find their employment income barely managing to meet the subsistence requirements [NMC (1989)]. Lesser productive and low remunerative work opportunities is thus emerging as the major characteristic of the labour market in Pakistan. The situation in the labour market is serious on yet another account. The working conditions of those lucky found employed, by and large, are not satisfactory, rather they are deplorable. Long working hours and poor working conditions are the normal features of a significant number of work places. A number of them also carry occupational safety and health hazards.

Making Globalisation Inclusive of People: A Trade Union Prespective

The greatest tragedy is to treat the unequal as equal”, says Aristotle. In a different perspective, similar concerns have found an echo centuries later—” the free play of market forces between unequal trading partners would only punish poorer commodity exporters at the same time as it brings advantages to the rich industrial countries”.1 New modalities of participation for developing countries in the trading system were suggested decades ago to attack the persistent trade imbalance and to create essential external conditions for accelerating the rate of economic growth. These included: (1) guaranteeing price stabilisation and improving market access for primary exports; (2) allowing greater policy space to develop local industries and reducing barriers to their exports; (3) establishing more appropriate terms of accession to the multilateral system, and (4) reducing the burden of debt-servicing. The developments as unfolded over the years, and more so since 1990s, are found as largely drifting away from these assertions of yester years. Market access to the agricultural products still has to materialise. Greater policy space to developing countries almost stands abandoned. Debt burden of the developing poor countries, the HIPC initiative notwithstanding, remains at volatile level.

eBPF-based Content and Computation-aware Communication for Real-time Edge Computing

By placing computation resources within a one-hop wireless topology, the recent edge computing paradigm is a key enabler of real-time Internet of Things (IoT) applications. In the context of IoT scenarios where the same information from a sensor is used by multiple applications at different locations, the data stream needs to be replicated. However, the transportation of parallel streams might not be feasible due to limitations in the capacity of the network transporting the data. To address this issue, a content and computation-aware communication control framework is proposed based on the Software Defined Network (SDN) paradigm. The framework supports multi-streaming using the extended Berkeley Packet Filter (eBPF), where the traffic flow and packet replication for each specific computation process is controlled by a program running inside an in-kernel Virtual Ma- chine (VM). The proposed framework is instantiated to address a case-study scenario where video streams from multiple cameras are transmitted to the edge processor for real-time analysis. Numerical results demonstrate the advantage of the proposed framework in terms of programmability, network bandwidth and system resource savings.Comment: This article has been accepted for publication in the IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM Workshops), 201

IFIs’ Conditionalities, Poverty Reduction, and Employment

the great depression of 1930s, the Bretton Woods twins—international monetary fund (IMF) and the world bank; rather the world bank group1—have over the years emerged as important players of the international financial arena. They are the major component of international financial architecture in addressing global macro and financial stability. The Bank together with the regional multi-lateral development banks (MDBs), such as the Asian Development Bank (ADB) for the Asian and the Pacific region, is making its contribution in building necessary infrastructure needed to initiate and support the development process, the recent reduced emphasis on such projects notwithstanding.

Debating Diversity in Provision of Universal Primary Education in Bangladesh

Multiple providers (including state, quasi-state and non-state ones) have contributed to raising initial enrolment and improving gender balance in Bangladesh. The critical question is how multiplicity and diversity of provision can contribute to achieving truly universal primary education with high completion rates and acceptable levels of learning. In this paper, these questions are addressed in the context of history and circumstances of educational development in Bangladesh, as the Government attempts to put into effect a new national education policy and design a five year (2011-15) national development plan

Televisi Publik: Kajian Tentang Opini Masyarakat Kota Bandung Mengenai TV Publik

This research was aimed to analyze several aspects of Public TV in its preparation phase. The focus is directed toward socialization, cognition, judgment, aspirations, and contributions of Public TV to the people of Bandung City. By employing analytical descriptive as methods to addressing research questions, about 250 respondents were asked to fill questionnaires. In-depth interviews to prominent members of society, media experts, and others related with such problems were also carried out. The research has led to some findings, e.g. cognition and judgment levels socialization is on average. The most important thing for the public, considering the importance of Public TV, is the dominant functions of Public TV to represent education and cultural programs. If managed by idealism toward education and leveraging people\u27s quality, Public TV would create a positive image for itself

PENGARUH KUALIFIKASI, KOMPETENSI, DAN RASIO DOSEN DAN MAHASISWA TERHADAP KINERJA DOSEN TETAP PERGURUAN TINGGI PARIWISATA DI KOTA BANDUNG

Di dalam penelitian ini masalah yang hendak dikaji adalah mengenai kinerja dosen tetap di Perguruan Tinggi Pariwisata di kota Bandung yang diduga belum optimal. Kualifikasi dosen, kompetensi dosen dan rasio dosen terhadap mahasiswa yang belum sesuai dengan ketentuan diduga menjadi penyebab belum otimalnya kinerja dosen, khususnya dosen tetap kejuruan (vocational teacher) di bidang perhotelan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh dari kualifikasi dosen, kompetensi dosen serta rasio dosen dan mahasiswa terhadap kinerja dosen tetap di perguruan tinggi pariwisata. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Explanatory Survey dengan teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner. Jumlah dosen tetap yang diteliti sebanyak 110 orang dosen tetap dari sejumlah 129 orang dosen yang berlatar pendidikan kejuruan perhotelan di enam perguruan tinggi pariwisata kota Bandung. Teknik pengolahan data yang digunakan adalah teknik analisis linier berganda (multiple linear regression). Berdasarkan hasil pengolahan data yang dibantu dengan aplikasi program SPSS, diketahui bahwa kinerja dosen yang ditunjukkan dalam empat dimensi kinerja dosen, yaitu dalam kegiatan Pendidikan dan Pengajaran, Penelitian dan Pengembangan Ilmu, serta kegiatan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat relatif tinggi, sedangkan kinerja dosen dalam kegiatan Penunjang Tridharma Perguruan Tinggi berada pada kategori cukup. Selanjutnya berdasarkan hasil uji pengaruh secara parsial, diketahui variabel kualifikasi dosen, variabel kompetensi dan variabel rasio dosen dan mahasiswa berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap variabel kinerja dosen. Demikian pula hasil uji pengaruh secara bersama-sama (simultan), variabel kualifikasi dosen, variabel kompetensi dosen dan variabel rasio dosen dan mahasiswa berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap variabel kinerja dosen. Berdasarkan pada hasil penelitian ini, dalam upaya meningkatkan kinerja dosen tetap di bidang pariwisata, direkomendasikan agar terlebih dahulu meningkatkan kualifikasi dan kompetensi dosen melalui program pendidikan lanjutan, pelatihan dan bentuk-bentuk pengembangan sumber daya manusia lainnya. Berbagai bentuk program pengembangan tersebut perlu direncanakan secara seksama dan dilaksanakan secara terus menerus untuk memperoleh kecukupan jumlah dosen kejuruan pariwisata dengan kualifikasi dan kompetensi yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan perguruan tinggi kepariwisataan di kota Bandung. Kata Kunci: Kinerja Dosen, Perguruan Tinggi Pariwisata, Dosen Tetap Kejuruan, Kualifikasi Dosen, Kompetensi Dosen, Rasio Dosen dan Mahasiswa. This research is aimed to study the performance of lecturers at Tourism Higher Education in Bandung City which is suspected not yet optimal. Less adequacy of lecturer’s qualification, competency, and ratio of lecturer to student are variables suspected influence the performance of lecturers. This research is expected to reveal how great is the impact of those variables to the performance of vocational lecturers whose teach hotel subjects at Tourism Higher Education. This research uses Explanatory Survey Method, and to collect data, questionnaire was distributed to lecturers as respondents. Out of 129 lecturers, 110 vocational lecturers who have hotel educational background were choosen from six Tourism Higher Education in Bandung city. The data collected were analysed by multiple linear regression technique. Based on data processing using SPSS application, the result revealed that the performance of lecturers were relativelly high, especially on conducting education and teaching process, research and development and community services. Other result showed that all variables consists of the lecturer qualification, the lecturer competency and the lecturer to student ratio, partially influenced lecturer’s performance quite significant. On the other hand, the test also showed that all independent variables simultaneously have significant contributionstowards lecturer’s performance. However, based on the research some improvement are recommended to increase the performance of vocational lecturers in tourism, by enhancing the qualification and competency of lecturers. The qualification and competency of lecturers can be done through continuing study to higher level, training and other forms of human resources development programs. These programs should be well planned, and done continuously to achieve an adequate number of qualified and competent lecturers that required by the Tourism Higher Education in Bandung city. Key words: Lecturer’s Performance, Tourism Higher Education, Vocational Lecturers; Lecturer’s Qualification, Lecturer’s Competency, Lecturer to Student Ratio, Human Resources Development Programs