Alberto Torres e sua obra

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Nitric Oxide Resistance in Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis Involves Regulation of Glucose Consumption, Glutathione Metabolism and Abundance of Pentose Phosphate Pathway Enzymes

In American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis production of cytokines, reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide (NO) by host macrophages normally lead to parasite death. However, some Leishmania braziliensis strains exhibit natural NO resistance. NO-resistant strains cause more lesions and are frequently more resistant to antimonial treatment than NO-susceptible ones, suggesting that NO-resistant parasites are endowed with specific mechanisms of survival and persistence. To tests this, we analyzed the effect of pro- and antioxidant molecules on the infectivity in vitro of L. braziliensis strains exhibiting polar phenotypes of resistance or susceptibility to NO. In addition, we conducted a comprehensive quantitative mass spectrometry-based proteomics analysis of those parasites. NO-resistant parasites were more infective to peritoneal macrophages, even in the presence of high levels of reactive species. Principal component analysis of protein concentration values clearly differentiated NO-resistant from NO-susceptible parasites, suggesting that there are natural intrinsic differences at molecular level among those strains. Upon NO exposure, NO-resistant parasites rapidly modulated their proteome, increasing their total protein content and glutathione (GSH) metabolism. Furthermore, NO-resistant parasites showed increased glucose analogue uptake, and increased abundance of phosphotransferase and G6PDH after nitrosative challenge, which can contribute to NADPH pool maintenance and fuel the reducing conditions for the recovery of GSH upon NO exposure. Thus, increased glucose consumption and GSH-mediated redox capability may explain the natural resistance of L. braziliensis against NO

In-depth quantitative proteomics uncovers specie-specific metabolic programs in Leishmania (Viannia) species

Author summary Leishmania braziliensis,L.panamensis, andL.guyanensisare responsible for most of the cases of tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) in the Americas. These species are associated with a variety of clinical manifestations of TL ranging from self-healing localized cutaneous lesions to disseminated and mucocutaneous presentations that may result in severe oropharyngeal mutilation. Here, we report a comprehensive quantitative comparison of the proteome of those species. Assessment of absolute titers of similar to 7000 proteins revealed a very clear differentiation among them. Significant differences in energy metabolism, membrane proteins, transporters, and lipids are contributing for species-specific traits and provide rich substrate for exploring new molecules for diagnosing purposes. Leishmaniaspecies are responsible for a broad spectrum of diseases, denominated Leishmaniasis, affecting over 12 million people worldwide. During the last decade, there have been impressive efforts for sequencing the genome of most of the pathogenicLeishmaniaspp. as well as hundreds of strains, but large-scale proteomics analyses did not follow these achievements and theLeishmaniaproteome remained mostly uncharacterized. Here, we report a comprehensive comparative study of the proteomes of strains representingL.braziliensis,L.panamensisandL.guyanensisspecies. Proteins extracted by SDS-mediated lysis were processed following the multi-enzyme digestion-filter aided sample preparation (FASP) procedure and analysed by high accuracy mass spectrometry. "Total Protein Approach" and "Proteomic Ruler" were applied for absolute quantification of proteins. Principal component analysis demonstrated very high reproducibility among biological replicates and a very clear differentiation of the three species. Our dataset comprises near 7000 proteins, representing the most completeLeishmaniaproteome yet known, and provides a comprehensive quantitative picture of the proteomes of the three species in terms of protein concentration and copy numbers. Analysis of the abundance of proteins from the major energy metabolic processes allow us to highlight remarkably differences among the species and suggest that these parasites depend on distinct energy substrates to obtain ATP. WhereasL.braziliensisrelies the more on glycolysis,L.panamensisandL.guyanensisseem to depend mainly on mitochondrial respiration. These results were confirmed by biochemical assays showing opposite profiles for glucose uptake and O(2)consumption in these species. In addition, we provide quantitative data about different membrane proteins, transporters, and lipids, all of which contribute for significant species-specific differences and provide rich substrate for explore new molecules for diagnosing purposes. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD017696

Labor Law in Colombia: Emergence of a Local Socialist Perspective (1930-1945)

Este artículo controvierte la tesis generalizada sobre el origen del derecho laboral en Colombia, que lo explica como una concesión del presidente Alfonso López al movimiento obrero por su apoyo durante el intento de golpe de 1944. Mediante un análisis histórico basado en la revisión de fuentes primarias, se argumenta que desde comienzos de la década de 1930 existieron diversas corrientes académicas y políticas que proponían desarrollar esta rama del derecho. Se profundiza en la apropiación crítica de teorías jurídicas transnacionales por los socialistas locales para poner en cuestión la supuesta insularidad y aislamiento intelectuales de la academia en Colombia y de este grupo en particular. Se concluye que el derecho laboral, entendido como derecho social por los socialistas, se nutrió de, al menos, cuatro fuentes: las corrientes antiformalistas, el materialismo dialectico y su expresión en el derecho soviético, el constitucionalismo social francés y el laboralismo inglés.This article challenges the general thesis on the origin of labor law in Colombia, explaining it as a concession given by president AlfonsoLópez to the workers movement for its support during the coup d’état attempt in 1944. Through a historical analysis based on the revision of primary sources, the article states that there were several academic and political currents early in the 1930’s that proposed the development of this branch of law. The article goes deeper in the critical appropriation of translational legal theories by local socialists intended to question the presumable intellectual isolation of the Colombian academicians and particularly this group. The article concludes that the labor law, understood as social right by socialists, was based at least on four sources: antiformalist currents; dialectic materialism and its expression in the Soviet law; the French social constitutionalism; and the English labor movement

Comercialização da produção agropecuária dos pequenos produtores da comunidade Perímetro Irrigado, no município de Pau de Ferros - RN, Brasil.

A produção agrícola em nosso país é conhecida pela diversidade e produção de culturas que oferece, embora tal produção atenda o mercado externo com larga escala, ainda enfrenta problemas relacionados a comercialização, principalmente no que tange aos pequenos produtores. O objetivo do trabalho foi criar um perfil sócio econômico da comercialização da produção dos pequenos produtores da comunidade de Perímetro Irrigado, do município de Pau de Ferros, do estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Foram distribuídos 30 questionários divididos em 4 perguntas objetivas: O produto é vendido preferencialmente para onde?; qual o principal tipo de cliente?; qual o principal problema encontrado no comércio?; qual a interferência da associação, no qual é associado, na comercialização? Concluiu-se que os agricultores da comunidade de Perímetro irrigado, tem potencial para atingir o mercado regional, possuem problemas com atravessadores e baixos preços de comercialização.Edição dos Resumos do IX Congresso Brasileiro de Agroecologia e IV Seminário Estadual de Agroecologia, Belém, PA, set./out. 2015

Atividades zootécnicas desenvolvidas na comunidade de Sítio de Areia, no município de Água Nova - RN, Brasil.

A agricultura de base familiar é mais apropriada para o estabelecimento de estilos de agricultura sustentável, principalmente pela sua maior capacidade de proceder a utilização dos agroecossistemas aos ideais de sustentabilidade. A produção agropecuária de base familiar, na maioria das vezes, tem um caráter de manutenção e sustentação das famílias no campo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar as atividades pecuárias de mais exploradas por agricultores de base familiar da comunidade de Sítio de Areia, município de Água Nova- RN. Verificou-se que 97% dos agricultores criam uma ou mais espécies de animais domésticos para fins alimentares e/ou comerciais, verificou-se que a avicultura foi predominante com 47% de presença nas unidades agropecuárias sendo esta atividade mantida pelas esposas dos agricultores.Edição dos Resumos do IX Congresso Brasileiro de Agroecologia e IV Seminário Estadual de Agroecologia, Belém, PA, set./out. 2015

Structural and Chemical Profiles of Myrcia splendens (Myrtaceae) Leaves Under the Influence of the Galling Nexothrips sp. (Thysanoptera)

Thysanoptera-induced galls commonly culminate in simple folding or rolling leaf gall morphotypes. Most of these galls are induced by members of the suborder Tubulifera, with only a few species of the suborder Terebrantia being reported as gall inducers. The Terebrantia, as most of the gall inducers, manipulates the host plant cellular communication system, and induces anatomical and biochemical changes in its host plant. In an effort to keep its homeostasis, the host plant reacts to the stimuli of the galling insect and triggers chemical signaling processes. In contrast to free-living herbivores, the signaling processes involving galling herbivores and their host plants are practically unknown. Current investigation was performed into two steps: first, we set the structural profile of non-galled and galled leaves, and looked forward to find potential alterations due to gall induction by an undescribed species of Nexothrips (suborder Terebrantia) on Myrcia splendens. Once oil glands had been altered in size and number, the second step was the investigation of the chemical profile of three tissue samples: (1) non-galled leaves of a control individual, (2) non-galled leaves of galled plants, and (3) galls. This third sample was divided into two groups: (3.1) galls from which the inducing thrips were manually removed and (3.2) galls macerated with the inducing thrips inside. The chemical profile was performed by gas chromatography/ mass spectrometric detector after headspace solid-phase extraction. The galling activity of the Nexothrips sp. on M. splendens culminates in mesophyll compactness interspersed to diminutive hypersensitive spots, development of air cavities, and the increase in size and number of the secretory glands. Seventy-two compounds were completely identified in the volatile profile of the three samples, from which, sesquiterpenes and aldehydes, pertaining to the “green leaf volatile” (GLVs) class, are the most abundant. The rare event of gall induction by a Terebrantia revealed discrete alterations toward leaf rolling, and indicated quantitative differences related to the plant bioactivity manipulated by the galling thrips. Also, the content of methyl salicylate has varied and has been considered a potential biomarker of plant resistance stimulated as a long-distance effect on M.splendens individuals