Reducing the burden of iron deficiency anemia in Cote D'Ivoire through fortification

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is highly prevalent in the Cote d'Ivoire and has severe health and economic consequences. In this paper, we apply a health economic model to quantify the burden of IDA, and the contribution of nationwide mandatory iron fortification of wheat flour and voluntary iron fortification of condiments to the reduction of this burden

Initial-boundary value problems for discrete evolution equations: discrete linear Schrodinger and integrable discrete nonlinear Schrodinger equations

We present a method to solve initial-boundary value problems for linear and integrable nonlinear differential-difference evolution equations. The method is the discrete version of the one developed by A. S. Fokas to solve initial-boundary value problems for linear and integrable nonlinear partial differential equations via an extension of the inverse scattering transform. The method takes advantage of the Lax pair formulation for both linear and nonlinear equations, and is based on the simultaneous spectral analysis of both parts of the Lax pair. A key role is also played by the global algebraic relation that couples all known and unknown boundary values. Even though additional technical complications arise in discrete problems compared to continuum ones, we show that a similar approach can also solve initial-boundary value problems for linear and integrable nonlinear differential-difference equations. We demonstrate the method by solving initial-boundary value problems for the discrete analogue of both the linear and the nonlinear Schrodinger equations, comparing the solution to those of the corresponding continuum problems. In the linear case we also explicitly discuss Robin-type boundary conditions not solvable by Fourier series. In the nonlinear case we also identify the linearizable boundary conditions, we discuss the elimination of the unknown boundary datum, we obtain explicitly the linear and continuum limit of the solution, and we write down the soliton solutions.Comment: 41 pages, 3 figures, to appear in Inverse Problem

Nonlinear Evolution Equations Invariant Under Schroedinger Group in three-dimensional Space-time

A classification of all possible realizations of the Galilei, Galilei-similitude and Schroedinger Lie algebras in three-dimensional space-time in terms of vector fields under the action of the group of local diffeomorphisms of the space \R^3\times\C is presented. Using this result a variety of general second order evolution equations invariant under the corresponding groups are constructed and their physical significance are discussed

Biological Effects of Stellar Collapse Neutrinos

Massive stars in their final stages of collapse radiate most of their binding energy in the form of MeV neutrinos. The recoil atoms that they produce in elastic scattering off nuclei in organic tissue create radiation damage which is highly effective in the production of irreparable DNA harm, leading to cellular mutation, neoplasia and oncogenesis. Using a conventional model of the galaxy and of the collapse mechanism, the periodicity of nearby stellar collapses and the radiation dose are calculated. The possible contribution of this process to the paleontological record of mass extinctions is examined.Comment: gzipped PostScript (filename.ps.Z), 12 pages. Final version, Phys. Rev. Lett., in pres

A 'Multiple Lenses' Approach to Policy Change: the Case of Tobacco Policy in the UK

This article examines a period of rapid policy change following decades of stability in UK tobacco. It seeks to account for such a long period of policy stability, to analyse and qualify the extent of change, and to explain change using a 'multiple lenses' approach. It compares the explanatory value of policy network models such as punctuated equilibrium and the advocacy coalition framework, with models stressing change from 'above and below' such as multi-level governance and policy transfer. A key finding is that the value of these models varies according to the narrative of policy change that we select. The article challenges researchers to be careful about assuming the nature of policy change before embarking on explanation. While the findings of the case study may vary with other policy areas in British politics, the call for clarity and lessons from multiple approaches are widely applicable

Democratic cultural policy : democratic forms and policy consequences

The forms that are adopted to give practical meaning to democracy are assessed to identify what their implications are for the production of public policies in general and cultural policies in particular. A comparison of direct, representative, democratic elitist and deliberative versions of democracy identifies clear differences between them in terms of policy form and democratic practice. Further elaboration of these differences and their consequences are identified as areas for further research

Studying complex interventions : reflections from the FEMHealth project on evaluating fee exemption policies in West Africa and Morocco

Peer reviewedPublisher PD

On Integrable Doebner-Goldin Equations

We suggest a method for integrating sub-families of a family of nonlinear {\sc Schr\"odinger} equations proposed by {\sc H.-D.~Doebner} and {\sc G.A.~Goldin} in the 1+1 dimensional case which have exceptional {\sc Lie} symmetries. Since the method of integration involves non-local transformations of dependent and independent variables, general solutions obtained include implicitly determined functions. By properly specifying one of the arbitrary functions contained in these solutions, we obtain broad classes of explicit square integrable solutions. The physical significance and some analytical properties of the solutions obtained are briefly discussed.Comment: 23 pages, revtex, 1 figure, uses epsfig.sty and amssymb.st

Continuous Limit of Discrete Systems with Long-Range Interaction

Discrete systems with long-range interactions are considered. Continuous medium models as continuous limit of discrete chain system are defined. Long-range interactions of chain elements that give the fractional equations for the medium model are discussed. The chain equations of motion with long-range interaction are mapped into the continuum equation with the Riesz fractional derivative. We formulate the consistent definition of continuous limit for the systems with long-range interactions. In this paper, we consider a wide class of long-range interactions that give fractional medium equations in the continuous limit. The power-law interaction is a special case of this class.Comment: 23 pages, LaTe