Sepse Neonatal

Introdução: A sepse neonatal é uma infecção bacteriana invasiva que ocorre durante o período neonatal, sendo uma das principais causas de morbidade. Fato que se relaciona às reduzidas funções imunológicas e à imaturidade da imunidade inata. Objetivos: Avaliar o diagnóstico e as consequências na saúde do recém-nascido de sepse neonatal precoce e tardia. Métodos: Revisão integrativa da literatura, através das plataformas PubMed e SciELO e com os descritores: sepse, neonatal e imunologia. E estudos publicados nos últimos 5 anos nos idiomas português e inglês. Resultados: Através de diversos estudos foi observado que alguns fatores eram favoráveis ao acontecimento da sepse neonatal, tanto na precoce quanto a tardia, como a prematuridade, o tempo de internação, o uso de antibióticos e a realização de procedimentos invasivos. O tipo de parto também influencia, sendo o parto cesáreo o que apresenta o maior risco. A observação clínica atenta durante as primeiras 48 horas mostrou-se bastante eficaz, e os exames para a investigação incluem a hemograma, hemocultura, amostras de LCR, urinálise e a proteína C reativa sérica. Já os protocolos de tratamento da sepse neonatal levam em conta os agentes etiológicos mais prováveis e a resposta do paciente a antibioticoterapia aplicada. Aliado ao tratamento, existe também o rastreio para colonizações estreptocócicas e as quimioprofilaxia realizadas antes ou durante o parto. Além disso, algumas medidas são indicadas para a abordagem do recém-nascido, como a lavagem das mãos ou uso de álcool gel e um pacote de cuidados adequados e bem definidos para reduzir os riscos de contaminação de materiais e procedimentos. Conclusão: Diante do exposto, nota-se que a sepse neonatal ainda é uma importante causa de mortalidade. Destarte, a profilaxia e o diagnóstico precoce são o principal fator para diminuição deste número, somado a higienização a redução de procedimentos de supérfluos

Microbial Community Shift Under Exposure of Dredged Sediments From a Eutrophic Bay

Microbial communities occur in almost every habitat. To evaluate the homeostasis disruption of in situ microbiomes, dredged sediments from Guanabara Bay-Brazil (GB) were mixed with sediments from outside of the bay (D) in three different proportions (25%, 50%, and 75%) which we called GBD25, GBD50, and GBD75. Grain size, TOC, and metals—as indicators of complex contamination—dehydrogenase (DHA) and esterase enzymes (EST)—as indicators of microbial community availability—were determined. Microbial community composition was addressed by amplifying the 16S rRNA gene for DGGE analysis and sequencing using MiSeq platform (Illumina).We applied the quality ratio index (QR) to the GB, D, and every GBD mixture to integrate geochemical parameters with our microbiome data. QR indicated high environmental risk for GB and every GBD mixture, and low risk for D. The community shifted from aerobic to anaerobic profile, consistent with the characteristics of GB. Sample D was dominated by JTB255 marine benthic group, related to low impacted areas. Milano-WF1B-44 was the most representative of GB, often found in anaerobic and sulfur enriched environments. In GBD, the denitrifying sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Sulfurovum, was the most representative, typically found in suboxic or anoxic niches. The canonical correspondence analysis was able to explain 60% of the community composition variation and exhibit the decrease of environmental quality as the contamination increases. Physiological and taxonomic shifts of the microbial assemblage in sediments were inferred by QR, which was suitable to determine sediment risk. The study produced sufficient information to improve the dredging plan and management

Chapter 14 - Applying enzymatic biomarkers of the in situ microbial community to assess the risk of coastal sediment

[Chapter Abstract] This study applied the Quality Ratio (QR) index to integrate geochemical (TOC, fine grain content, and metal concentrations) and microbiological (Esterases (EST) and Dehydrogenase (DHA) activities of the in situ microbial community) parameters in order to classify the potential ecological risk of coastal sediments in dredging activities. Total concentrations (C) of Hg, Cd, As, Pb, Cr, Cu, and Zn (indicators of the complex mixture of contaminants in sediments) were determined in sediments inside Guanabara and Sepetiba bays (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) and in oceanic dump sites outside the bays (C0) to calculate the contamination factor (CF = C/C0) and the degree of contamination (ΣCF). Likewise, DHA and EST activities were determined—respectively, biomarkers of energy production in the cell and hydrolase of organic matter outside the cell—which are altered under adverse conditions (e.g., contamination). The QR, a function of the microbial term DHA/EST and the geochemical term (TOC × ΣCF)/fine-grained content, was able to classify the sediments into three classes of risk: low (QR ≥  10−  1), moderate (10−  2 ≤ QR \u3c  10−  1), and high (QR ≥ 10−  3). The QR was able to segregate the hot spots of contamination of the bays. The QR was also applied to an acute assay and successfully identified the microbial community shift under a contamination gradient when mixing with dredged sediments. Thus QR provides an accessible (low cost and fast) and efficient alternative for assessing both the quality of coastal sediments and the ex situ bioassays, as required by Brazilian legislation for dredging sediments, as well as for other developing countries.https://nsuworks.nova.edu/cnso_bio_facbooks/1037/thumbnail.jp