Solar neutrino detection

More than 40 years ago, neutrinos where conceived as a way to test the validity of the solar models which tell us that stars are powered by nuclear fusion reactions. The first measurement of the neutrino flux, in 1968 in the Homestake mine in South Dakota, detected only one third of the expected value, originating what has been known as the Solar Neutrino Problem. Different experiments were built in order to understand the origin of this discrepancy. Now we know that neutrinos undergo oscillation phenomenon changing their nature traveling from the core of the Sun to our detectors. In the work the 40 year long saga of the neutrino detection is presented; from the first proposals to test the solar models to last real time measurements of the low energy part of the neutrino spectrum.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures. III School on Cosmic Rays and Astrophysics August 25 to September 5, 2008 Arequipa (Peru) AIP conference proceedin

Hacia una ley del trabajo que genere empleo adecuado en el Perú

La regulación laboral debe asegurar un balance entre la protección de los derechos de los trabajadores y la flexibilidad del mercado de trabajo, esta es una conclusión del seminario organizado por el BCRP, cuyo resumen se presenta en este artículo.

Compromise and Attraction Effects under Interdependent and Independent Self-Construal

When a new alternative introduces to a choice set, the preferences for the original alternatives will be effected (Mourali, Böckenholt and Laroche 2007). Consumers often feel uncertainty about the true values of options when they want to purchase products (Simonson 1989). Huber, Payne, and Puto (1982) defined the attraction effect as “when adding an alternative that is inferior to another alternative in the choice set increases the share of the relatively superior alternative.” Compromise effect is defined as “when adding an extreme option to the choice set shifts the choice preferences in favor of the compromise option” (Simonson 1989). The size of compromise effect and attraction effect may differ based on self-construal. Independent self-construal has attributes that make them separate from others (Markus and Kitayama 1991). They emphasize on positive information and try to make achievements (Lee, Aaker and Gardner 2000). In contrast, Interdependent self-construal focus being a member of a group (Markus & Kitayama, 1991) and attempt to avoid mistakes (Lee, Aaker and Gardner 2000). Therefore, we expect that independent consumers are more sensitive to attraction effect and interdependent consumers are more sensitive to compromise effect and self-regulatory mediates this relationship. Consequently, the current research first shows the relationship between self-construal and context effects. Then, introduces self-regulatory as mediator to explain how distinct self-construal behave through context effects

Mineral property - Rights, Royalties and Rents

In a modern economy there is a compelling case why governments should not own property rights to mineral deposits. Assuming they do, however, governments will use these constitution rights to raise revenue. They have two basic instruments to achieve this; a royalty charge on price or a rent tax on income/profits. On the one hand, a royalty charge creates a ‘deadweight loss’ to society by increasing cut-off grades and decreasing the life-of-mine. They are also regressive. However, they are easy to administer. On the other hand, a rent tax avoids the problem of ‘deadweight loss’; it does not impact on the life-of-mine because the tax structure is neutral. But, they aredifficult to administer correctly, particularly in the determination of rents and the defi nition of mining per se. If rents are incorrectly determined capital markets are distorted. And, if mining activities are incorrectly defined, downstream activities could be adversely affected

Informality and Productivity in the Labor Market: Peru 1986 - 2001

Peru has one of the highest informality rates in Latin America, with almost 60 percent of the urban labor force working at the margins of labor market legislation or in microenterprises that lack basic labor market standards (Marcouiller, Ruiz de Castilla, and Woodruff, 1997). This paper identifies two factors that can explain the variation in informality rates in the 1990s. First, Peru experienced a steady increase in employment allocation in traditionally “informal” sectors—in particular, retail trade and transport. Second, there was a sharp increase in nonwage labor costs, despite a reduction in the average productivity of the economy. In addition, the paper illustrates the negative correlation between productivity and informality by evaluating the impacts of the PROJOVEN youth training program

The Association between Relative Age Effect, Goals Scored, Shooting Effectiveness and the Player’s Position, and her Team’s Final Classification in International Level Women’s Youth Handball

Publlisher's version (útgefin grein)The objectives of this study were (i) to determine whether there is a relationship between the relative age effect (RAE) and the final classification of the teams, player's positions, number of goals scored, and shooting effectiveness, and (ii) to determine whether there are differences in the number of goals scored and shooting effectiveness depending on the final classification and player's positions. The study subjects were 380 players who took part in the 2018 Women's Youth World Handball Championship. The independent variables were the relative age effect and the number of goals and shooting effectiveness of each type of shot. The dependent variables were the player's position and the team's final classification. To investigate the relationship between the RAE and the team's final classification, player's position, goals scored, and shooting effectiveness, contingency tables were drawn up and subjected to a chi-squared test. The dependence of the differences in goals and shooting effectiveness on the team's final classification and the player's position was studied by means of an ANOVA with a Tukey post hoc test. For the sample overall, there was no RAE, only an association between the classification and the year of birth, with more players born in the senior year in the teams ranked from 1st to 8th place than in those classified from 9th to 24th place. The teams classified from 1st to 4th had more significant numbers of several variables. There were differences in goals and shooting effectiveness, depending on the player's position."Peer Reviewed

IceCube3--a new window on the Universe

This paper gives an overview of the scientific goals of IceCube with an emphasis on the importance of atmospheric neutrinos. Status and schedule for completing the detector are presented.Comment: 13 pages, 6 figures, to appear in A.I.P. Conf. Proceedings, 3rd Latin American School on Cosmic Rays, Arequipa, Peru, September, 200

Separation of Binary Solutions on the Basis of Zeolites

In this chapter, the author analyzed binary systems, ethanol + water, methanol + water and benzene + water, and an original mathematical model allowing the determination of the complete adsorption of binary systems on KaA, CaA, CaX, NaA and NaX zeolites using the Gibbs adsorption theory is proposed. The Gibbs equation and the Gibbs-Duhem equation have a number of limitations and do not take into account the properties of the investigated zeolites. Therefore, it is necessary to use the equations obtained by the author as a result of laboratory research, for the theoretical calculation and development of dehydration and concentration systems for alcohols

Comparison of Training Volumes in Different Elite Sportspersons According to Sex, Age, and Sport Practised

Training is a complex process that depends, among other factors, on the intensity and volume of training. The objective of this study was to analyse the volume of training in several sports as a function of sex and age. The study sample consisted of 302 sportspersons (men, n=132; women, n=170) who participated in the 16th Games of the Small States of Europe (1st to 6th June 2015) in representing nine countries. The subjects practised the following sports: artistic gymnastics, athletics, basketball, beach volleyball, golf, judo, shooting, swimming, table tennis, tennis, and volleyball, and were classified by sex, sport, and age (younger: = 31 years). They responded to five questions about their training volume and the annual number of competitions in which they participated. A one-way ANOVA with a Bonferroni post hoc test was used to establish differences by sex, sport, and age group. Three-way ANOVAs (sex [men, women] x age [3 levels: younger, intermediate, older] x sport [11 sports]) were performed to determine any relationships between the variables. Neither interactions between the groups nor differences depending on sex were found in the training volumes, but the older the sportsperson, the lower the training volume (days per week, and total time per week). The sports with the greatest training volumes were artistic gymnastics and swimming, while those with the most competitions per year were basketball and volleyball.Peer Reviewe

Multi-objective decision model for green supply chain management

In this paper, a multi-objective linear programming model was developed which sought to simultaneously optimize total costs and total GHG emissions for the Thai Rubber supply chain. The model was solved by the ε -constraint method which computed the Pareto optimal solution. Each point in the Pareto set entailed a different design of quantity of rubber product flow between the supply chain entities and transport modes and routes. The result obtained show the trade-offs between costs and GHG emissions. It appears that improvements in cost reductions are only possible by compromising on and allowing for higher GHG emissions. From the Pareto set of solutions, each point is equally effective solution for achieving significant cost reductions without compromising too far on GHG emissions. Scenarios analysis were considered to examine the impact of transportation and distribution restructuring on the trade-off between GHG emissions and costs vis-à-vis the baseline model. Overall, the model developed in this research, together with its Pareto optimal solutions analysis, shows that it can be used as an effective tool to design a new and workable GSCM model for the Thai Rubber industry