Psychological Distress During the Retirement Transition and the Role of Psychosocial Working Conditions and Social Living Environment

Objectives: Mental health is determined by social, biological, and cultural factors and is sensitive to life transitions. We examine how psychosocial working conditions, social living environment, and cumulative risk factors are associated with mental health changes during the retirement transition. Method: We use data from the Finnish Retirement and Aging study on public sector employees (n = 3,338) retiring between 2014 and 2019 in Finland. Psychological distress was measured with the General Health Questionnaire annually before and after retirement and psychosocial working conditions, social living environment, and accumulation of risk factors at the study wave prior to retirement. Results: Psychological distress decreased during the retirement transition, but the magnitude of the change was dependent on the contexts individuals retire from. Psychological distress was higher among those from poorer psychosocial working conditions (high job demands, low decision authority, job strain), poorer social living environment (low neighborhood social cohesion, small social network), and more cumulative risk factors (work/social/both). During the retirement transition, greatest reductions in psychological distress were observed among those with poorer conditions (work: absolute and relative changes, p [Group x Time interactions] < .05; social living environment and cumulative risk factors: absolute changes, p [Group x Time interactions] < .05). Discussion: Psychosocial work-related stressors lead to quick recovery during the retirement transition but the social and cumulative stressors have longer-term prevailing effects on psychological distress. More studies are urged incorporating exposures across multiple levels or contexts to clarify the determinants of mental health during the retirement transition and more generally at older ages.Peer reviewe

Changes in life satisfaction during the transition to retirement : findings from the FIREA cohort study

Peer reviewe

Psychological Distress During the Retirement Transition and the Role of Psychosocial Working Conditions and Social Living Environment

Mental health is determined by social, biological, and cultural factors and is sensitive to life transitions. We examine how psychosocial working conditions, social living environment, and cumulative risk factors are associated with mental health changes during the retirement transition.\nWe use data from the Finnish Retirement and Aging study on public sector employees (n = 3,338) retiring between 2014 and 2019 in Finland. Psychological distress was measured with the General Health Questionnaire annually before and after retirement and psychosocial working conditions, social living environment, and accumulation of risk factors at the study wave prior to retirement.\nPsychological distress decreased during the retirement transition, but the magnitude of the change was dependent on the contexts individuals retire from. Psychological distress was higher among those from poorer psychosocial working conditions (high job demands, low decision authority, job strain), poorer social living environment (low neighborhood social cohesion, small social network), and more cumulative risk factors (work/social/both). During the retirement transition, greatest reductions in psychological distress were observed among those with poorer conditions (work: absolute and relative changes, p [Group × Time interactions] < .05; social living environment and cumulative risk factors: absolute changes, p [Group × Time interactions] < .05).\nPsychosocial work-related stressors lead to quick recovery during the retirement transition but the social and cumulative stressors have longer-term prevailing effects on psychological distress. More studies are urged incorporating exposures across multiple levels or contexts to clarify the determinants of mental health during the retirement transition and more generally at older ages.</p

Trajectories of Worktime Control From Midlife to Retirement and Working Beyond Retirement Age

The extent to which long-term individual-oriented flexibility in working hours is associated with working beyond retirement age is not known. The aims of the present study were to identify trajectories of worktime control (WTC) and to examine whether the membership of WTC trajectories was associated with working beyond individual's pensionable age. A total of 1,953 older employees participated in the study and had data up to 16 years before pensionable age. Group-based latent trajectory modeling was used to identify WTC trajectories and Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to examine the associations of WTC trajectories with duration of employment. Seven trajectories described WTC: "Stable very low" (7%), "Stable low" (21%), "Declined" (12%), "Stable mid-low" (28%), "Improved" (10%), "Stable high" (16%), and "Stable very high" (5%). When compared with the lowest WTC trajectory groups, trajectories of "Stable high/very high" (hazard ratio [HR] 1.34, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.17-1.54) and "Improved" WTC (HR 1.49, 95% CI 1.25-1.78) were associated with longer duration of employment. Although the memberships of the "Stable high/very high" and "Improved" WTC trajectories correlated with gender, marital status, occupational position, and self-rated health, the association between WTC and duration of employment was not fully confounded or mediated by these factors. These findings support the hypothesis that having improved or constantly high control over working times from midlife to retirement age may prolong working lives at retirement age.Peer reviewe

Why do men extend their employment beyond pensionable age more often than women? a cohort study

Men extend their employment beyond pensionable age more often than women, but the factors that contribute to this sex difference are unknown. This study aimed to examine sex differences in extending employment and the contribution of sociodemographic, work- and health-related factors to these differences. Participants of this prospective cohort study were 4,263 public sector employees from Finland who reached their individual pensionable date between 2014 and 2019 and responded to a survey on work- and non-work-related issues before that date. Extended employment was defined as continuing working for over six months beyond the individual pensionable date. We used mediation analysis to examine the contribution of explanatory factors to the association between sex and extended employment. Of the participants, 29% extended employment beyond the pensionable date. Men had a 1.29-fold (95% confidence interval 1.11-1.49) higher probability of extending employment compared with women. Men had a higher prevalence of factors that increase the likelihood of extended employment than women (such as spouse working full-time, no part-time retirement, low job strain, high work time control, and lack of pain) and this mediated the association of sex with extended employment by up to 83%. In conclusion, men were more likely to extend their employment beyond pensionable age than women. This difference was largely explained by men being more likely to have a full-time working spouse, low job strain, high work time control, no pain, and not being on part-time retirement

Trajectories of Worktime Control From Midlife to Retirement and Working Beyond Retirement Age

The extent to which long-term individual-oriented flexibility in working hours is associated with working beyond retirement age is not known. The aims of the present study were to identify trajectories of worktime control (WTC) and to examine whether the membership of WTC trajectories was associated with working beyond individual's pensionable age. A total of 1,953 older employees participated in the study and had data up to 16 years before pensionable age. Group-based latent trajectory modeling was used to identify WTC trajectories and Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to examine the associations of WTC trajectories with duration of employment. Seven trajectories described WTC: "Stable very low" (7%), "Stable low" (21%), "Declined" (12%), "Stable mid-low" (28%), "Improved" (10%), "Stable high" (16%), and "Stable very high" (5%). When compared with the lowest WTC trajectory groups, trajectories of "Stable high/very high" (hazard ratio [HR] 1.34, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.17-1.54) and "Improved" WTC (HR 1.49, 95% CI 1.25-1.78) were associated with longer duration of employment. Although the memberships of the "Stable high/very high" and "Improved" WTC trajectories correlated with gender, marital status, occupational position, and self-rated health, the association between WTC and duration of employment was not fully confounded or mediated by these factors. These findings support the hypothesis that having improved or constantly high control over working times from midlife to retirement age may prolong working lives at retirement age.</p

Verhottu alastomuus : Vaate kulttuurien välisenä siltana

Opinnäytetyön lähtökohtana oli sananvapaus. Työn tavoitteena oli tarkastella mediassa ja kirjallisuudessa näkyviä ajankohtaisia ilmiöitä ja kuinka sananvapaus näkyy pukeutumisessa. Opinnäytetyö koostuu kahdesta osiosta. Aluksi teoriaosuudessa tarkasteltiin erilaisia pukeutumisen ilmiöitä kuva-analyysien keinoin. Teoriaosuuden pohjalta syntyneiden ajatusten innoittamana suunniteltiin vaatemallisto. Tutkimusmetodi pohjautui Marjo Räsäsen Kokemuksellisen taiteen tarkastelun malliin. Taiteen tarkastelussa lähtökohtana ovat katsojan omat kokemukset, elämismaailma sekä kulttuurinen tausta. Tarkastelussa siirrytään havainnoista, pohdiskelevan havainnoinnin ja käsitteellistämisen kautta uuden tuottamiseen. Tarkasteluun valittiin kaksi vahvaa ääripäätä: alastomuus ja vartalon verhoaminen. Näitä kahta ilmiötä analysoitiin kokemuksellisen taiteen ymmärtämisen mallin avulla. Analyysin tavoitteena oli ymmärtää ja löytää näiden pukeutumisen ääripäiden merkityksiä. Kuva-aineistona tarkastelussa käytettiin mediasta löytyneitä kuvia. Teoriaosuuden innoittamana suunniteltiin Sillanrakentajat –niminen vaatemallisto, jonka ajatuksena oli yhdistää vahvoja ääripäitä. Malliston ideana ei ollut erottautuminen, vaan taustaan sulautuminen ja suojautuminen. Lopuksi vaatemallistoa tarkasteltiin Marjo Räsäsen kuvion avulla ja pohdittiin, kuinka muut näkevät ja tulkitsevat suunnitellut vaatteet.The baseline for the study was freedom of speech. The goal was to examine topical visible dressing phenomena, which are subjects of conversation in the media and literature and how freedom of expression is reflected in dressing. The thesis consists of two parts. At first, the theoretical part was focused on a variety of phenomena by means of image analysis. Secondly, the author designed a clothing collection inspired by the theoretical part. The research method was based on the model of experimental art interpretation by Marjo Räsänen. The analysis of art is based on the viewer's own experiences, realities and cultural backgrounds. The review moved to production through contemplative observation and conceptualization. Two strong extremes in dressing were selected for observation: nudity and veiled body. These two phenomena were analysed by using the model of experimental art understanding. The purpose of this analysis was to understand and find meanings of these extremes. The pictures used as material in the analysis were found in media. The theoretical part inspired a clothing collection called Building Bridges, which was designed on the idea to combine the strong extremes. The idea behind the collection was not differentiation, but merger. Finally, the clothing collection was examined by Marjo Räsänen’s pattern, and it was discussed how people perceive and interpret the collection

Yksilövastuinen hoitotyö potilaan ja omaisen arvioimana

Tässä työssä tutkittiin miten yksilövastuinen hoitotyö toteutuu potilaiden ja heidän läheistensä näkökulmasta Katriinan sairaalassa Vantaalla. Tavoitteena oli kartoittaa suurimpia kehit-tämistarpeita siirryttäessä kohti yksilövastuisen hoitoyön mallia. Tutkimus on osa Laurean sekä Katriinan sairaalan ”Menestyvä ja vetovoimainen Katriinan sairaala” – hanketta. Tutkimusaineisto kerättiin jakamalla strukturoituja viisiluokkaiseen Likert-asteikkoon perustuvia kyselylomakkeita sairaalan eri osastoilla. Kyselylomakkeen olivat laatineet ja testanneet hankkeen projektiryhmä, joka koostuu Katriinan sairaalan hoitotyön ammattilaisista sekä Laurean opettajista. Kyselyn toteuttivat Laurean sairaanhoidon aikuisopiskelijaryhmä. Potilaita, jotka eivät kyenneet itse täyttämään lomakkeita, avustettiin sen täyttämisessä. Kyselyyn vastasi 71 potilasta sekä 26 omaista. Omaisten otos koostui niistä omaisista, jotka kävivät läheistensä luona sairaalassa ennalta sovittuina haastattelupäivinä. Potilaiden ja omaisten vastauksia on tarkasteltu ja analysoitu erikseen, mutta kuitenkin koko sairaalan kattavina otoksina, ei osastoittain. Tutkimustulokset analysoitiin kvantitatiivisen tutkimuksen mukaan. Tuloksista ilmenee, että potilaat luottivat hoitajien osaamiseen sekä tiedonkulkuun eri hoitavien tahojen välillä, vaikka vain noin puolet tiesi omahoitajansa. Suurin osa potilaista ei kokenut osallistuvansa oman hoitonsa suunnitteluun tai arvioimiseen ja jatkohoidoista sopimiseen yhdessä omahoitajan kanssa. Omaisista suurin osa ei tiennyt läheisensä omahoitajaa mutta hoitajien osaamiseen luotettiin. Omaiset kokivat voivansa luottaa hoitajan kanssa tehtyihin sopimuksiin sekä voivansa keskustella läheisensä tilanteesta hoitajan kanssa. Omaiset myös saivat mielestään hoitajilta tarpeeksi tietoa. Yksilövastuinen hoitotyö on sekä filosofia että organisointitapa, jossa olennaista on, että yksi hoitaja on vastuussa potilaan hoitokokonaisuudesta. Keskeisiä käsitteitä ovat vastuullisuus, kattavuus sekä jatkuvuus. Vastuullisuudella tarkoitetaan, että yksi hoitaja on vastuussa potilaan hoidosta koko tämän hoitojakson ajan. Kattavuudella tarkoitetaan, että hoitaja huolehtii kaikista potilaan tarvitsemista hoitotoimenpiteistä ja jatkuvuudella tarkoitetaan tiedon kulkua muille työntekijöille sekä jatkohoitopaikkoihin. Yksilövastuisen hoitotyön toteutuminen on haasteellinen tavoite ja vaatii konkreettista työtä sekä pitkäjänteisyyttä ja sitoutuneisuutta.Primary nursing assessment by patient and family The purpose of this thesis is to study how primary nursing is realized from the viewpoint of the patients and their families in Katriina hospital in Vantaa. The main goal is to identify the greatest needs for development when moving towards individual responsibility in nursing. The data was collected by handing out Likert scale based questionnaires which were drawn up and tested by the project team consisting of professionals from Katriina hospital and senior lecturers in nursing from Laurea University of Applied Sciences. Patients who were not able to fill in forms by themselves were assisted. The questionnaire was answered by 71 patients and 26 family members interviewed during their visits. Both groups were analyzed separately as individual groups, and the results were analyzed by using quantitative research method. The results show that the patients trusted the nurses’ nursing skills and that they also trusted that the information about their treatment was shared with everyone involved in it, although only approximately 50 % of the patients knew who their primary nurse was. Most of the patients experienced that they didn’t participate in their own care planning or in deciding about the follow-up treatment with their primary nurse. Most of the family members didn’t know who their relative’s primary nurse was but they still trusted the nurses’ nursing skills. The relatives felt that they could rely on the agreements with nurses and they also felt that they could talk with the nurses about the situation of their family member. The relatives also felt that they received enough information from the nurses. Primary nursing is both a philosophy and an organization mode where it is essential that one nurse is responsible for patient’s whole treatment. The key concepts are responsibility, coverage and continuity. Responsibility means that one nurse is responsible for the patient’s care throughout the treatment period. Coverage means that the nurse takes care of patient’s every need regarding her treatment. Continuity means that the information about patient’s treatment is shared with other involved parties. The implementation of primary nursing is a challenging task and calls for concrete work, perseverance and commitment

Henkilötietojen käyttäminen sähköiseen suoramarkkinointiin Pirkanmaan oppisopimuskeskuksessa

Opinnäytetyön aiheena oli Pirkanmaan oppisopimuskeskuksen henkilörekisterissä olevien tietojen käyttäminen suoramarkkinointiin ja rekisterinpitäjän oikeus lähettää sähköistä asiakasviestintää. Työ toteutettiin tekstianalyysinä ja empiriaosassa teoriaa sovellettiin Pirkanmaan oppisopimuskeskuksen toimintaan. Tärkein asian käsittelyyn liittyvä lainsäädäntö löytyy sähköisen viestinnän tietosuojalaista (SVTSL 516/2004) ja henkilötietolaista (HetiL523/1999) lisäksi joissain tapauksissa huomioon tulee ottaa myös kuluttajansuojalain (KSL 38/1978) määräykset. Sähköisen viestinnän tietosuojalain mukaan sähköistä suoramarkkinointia luonnolliselle henkilölle voidaan tehdä, jos tämä on antanut siihen ennalta suostumuksensa. Markkinointia voidaan tehdä myös olemassa oleville asiakkaille, joiden sähköinen yhteystieto on saatu tuotteen tai palvelun myynnin yhteydessä. Henkilötietolaki säätää yleislakina henkilötietojen käsittelystä. Lain mukaan henkilötietojen käsittelylle tulee aina olla peruste. Laki määrittelee nämä perusteet ja säätää muun muassa rekisteröidyn oikeuksista. Henkilötietoja voidaan käsitellä niin kauan kuin rekisterinpitäjän ja rekisteröidyn välillä vallitsee asiallinen yhteys, kuten voimassa oleva asiakassuhde. Sähköistä viestintää mietittäessä on tärkeää tunnistaa asiakasviestinnän ja suoramarkkinoinnin ero, koska suoramarkkinoinnin voi kieltää, mutta asiakasviestintää ei. Henkilötietojen käsittelijän tulee olla myös selvillä siitä, millä perusteella hän tietoja käsittelee, koska tämä osaltaan määrittelee, kauanko tietoja voidaan käsitellä.Lakien soveltaminen oppisopimuskoulutukseen tuo omat haasteensa, koska kysymyksessä on julkisin varoin rahoitettu koulutus, joka on maksutonta opiskelijalle ja työnantajalle, eikä tuotteita tai palveluita varsinaisesti myydä. Sähköisten yhteystietojen käyttö suoramarkkinointiin on sallittua olemassa olevan asiakassuhteen perusteella, kun asiakkaalle tarjotaan samoja tai samankaltaisia tuotteita tai palveluita ja asiakkaalle kerrotaan tietojen käytöstä suoramarkkinointiin ja annetaan mahdollisuus kieltää tietojensa käyttö. Tietoja saa käyttää vain se yritys, joka on saanut yhteystiedot. Muissa tapauksissa sähköiseen suoramarkkinointiin tarvitaan lupa. Luvan tulee olla nimenomainen ja vapaaehtoisesti annettu, eikä lupaa voi antaa toisen puolesta.The topic of this thesis was using the information in Pirkanmaa Apprenticeship Centre’s person register for electronic direct marketing and the registrar’s right to electronic customer communication. The thesis was carried out in the form of a text analysis, and in the practical part the theory was applied to Pirkanmaa Apprenticeship Centre’s activities. The most relevant legislation can be found in the Law on Protection of Privacy in Electronic Communications and the Law on Personal Data Protection. The Consumer Protection Law may also come into consideration. According to the Law on Protection of Privacy in Electronic Communications, electronic direct marketing to natural people can be done if a person has given his/her consent to marketing beforehand. It can also be done to existing customers whose electronic contact information has been collected in connection with the sale of a product or a service. The Personal Data Law legislates the processing of personal details as a general law. According to the law, there should always be a ground for processing personal data. The law defines these grounds and legislates, among other things, the rights which registered people have. According to the law, registrars can process the information for as long as an appropriate connection exists between the registrar and a registered person, such as a valid customer relationship. The difference between customer communication and direct marketing is that customers have a right to refuse direct marketing but not customer communication. Registrars should also be aware of on what grounds they are processing personal details because it partly defines how long the information can be processed. Applying the laws to apprenticeship training brings its own challenges because apprenticeship training is financed by public funds and products or services are not really sold. The use of electronic contact information in direct marketing is allowed based on an existent customer relationship when similar kinds of products or services are offered to a customer. Customers should also be informed about the use of their contact information to direct marketing and they should be given a chance to deny the use of their contact information. Only the same company that has got their contact information originally is allowed to use the information. In other cases, permission is needed for electronic direct marketing. The permission should be specific and voluntarily given and it cannot be given on someone else´s behalf