Industrial Building Systems (IBS) as an Alternative Approach for Housing the Poor in Sudan

Housing for the poor is one of the foremost troubling issues for governments, since independence, the government of Sudan has pledged to undertake to unravel the housing problem for low-income people, but the growing demand populations far exceed what's on the table to unravel this problem. The research aims this is to review the potential of an industrialized building system (IBS) for low-cost housing provision in Sudan. the current conventional construction system (CBS) that used for this sort of building is linked to several problems: inefficiency, slow delivery rate, poor quality standards but at an equivalent time helps create many roles like doesn’t depend on skilled labor and elegance flexibility. due to its capacity to line up group projects faster than CBS can, the industrialized building system is usually used to meet the urgent need for housing for the displaced because of its ability to equip collective projects quickly and in high quality, the best example of which was used extensively after the Second war in many European countries affected during the war. Although IBS could even be a replacement system in Sudan, it's expected to spread rapidly, with appropriate material value and high quality to satisfy the requirements of the end-user. For more efficient, a system is usually developed that mixes the characteristics of the conventional and industrial systems to unravel the housing problem for the poor in Sudan. The research results are helped the government to spot the possibility of industrial buildings as an appropriate solution to the housing problem in Sudan. Also help the government on the power of industrial buildings as an efficient solution for the housing problem in Sudan, particularly low-income housing. The aims of the research to support government initiatives to affect the poor in Sudan. It is largely debatable due to its importance, and importance to government-supported housing objectives and thus the particular impacts of the initiative and its performance for low-income housing in Sudan

Transpiration cooling of a hypersonic vehicle

In this thesis, a porous Ultra-High-Temperature-Ceramic (UHTC) made of zirconium diboride (ZrB2) is qualified for the purpose for transpiration cooling for the first time. Subsequently, the mixing mechanism between the coolant and a laminar, hypersonic boundary-layer gas at the wall downstream of a transpiration-cooled injector is investigated. This has led to understanding the mixing process at the wall in a laminar boundary layer. Porous UHTCs are a candidate group of materials for transpiration cooling of hypersonic vehicles due to their exceptionally high melting point, typically above 3000 K. Their high operating temperature permits a higher amount of radiative cooling than that achievable with conventional materials, which reduces the required coolant mass flow rate to cool the surface. This thesis experimentally examines the internal and external flow behaviour of porous UHTC made of zirconium diboride (ZrB2) for the purpose of transpiration cooling. A dedicated ISO standard permeability test rig was built. The outflow velocity distribution was acquired employing miniature hot-wire anemometry. The data obtained for the pressure loss across the porous samples agree with the Darcy-Forchheimer model for flow in porous media; respective Darcy and Forchheimer permeability coefficients are calculated and reported. Cleaning the surface of the samples using sandpaper or an ultrasonic bath raised the permeability coefficient by up to 19%. The outflow velocity maps exhibit a good flow uniformity with an average standard deviation of 25.1% with respect to the mean value. Individual jets are absent, and the velocity varies within the same order of magnitude. The mixing between the coolant and the boundary-layer gas downstream of an injector – for transpiration/film cooling – has been extensively studied for turbulent flows; however, only a handful of studies concerning laminar mixing exist, particularly in hypersonic flows. In this thesis, the concentration of the coolant gas at the wall and the heat flux reduction downstream of a transpiring injector in a hypersonic, laminar flow are experimentally measured and examined. Experiments are performed in the Oxford High Density Tunnel at Mach 7. A flat-plate model is coated with Pressure-sensitive Paint (PSP) to spatially resolve the film and obtain a film effectiveness based on coolant concentration. Thin-film arrays are installed to measure the heat flux reduction. Six different cases are studied featuring Nitrogen and Helium as the coolant gas, where the blowing ratio is varied from 0.0406% to 0.295%. The unit Reynolds number of the flow is 12.9 × 10ˆ6 1/m. A coolant concentration of up to 95% is achieved immediately downstream of the injector. The film concentration drops in a monotonic fashion farther downstream; however, a constant film coverage of 5 mm to 20 mm immediately downstream of the injector is observed in cases with a higher blowing ratio. A film coverage above 15% over three injector-lengths is present even for the lowest blowing ratio. Heat flux reduction is achieved in all cases; an onset of boundary-layer transition is not promoted. The concentration effectiveness obtained from PSP is compared with the thermal film effectiveness calculated from the heat flux reduction. The latter is found to be higher than the former for all data points. Subsequently, a collapse of the thermal effectiveness is achieved and a modified analytical correlation is proposed. A two-dimensional simulation study of transpiration cooling in a laminar, hypersonic boundary-layer using the Thermochemical Implicit Non-Equilibrium Algorithm (TINA) – a Navier-Stokes solver was undertaken. Coolant concentration and heat flux results are compared to data obtained from the experiments. TINA successfully predicts the mixing rate at the wall as a function of the stream-wise direction for all blowing ratios. The simulations are more successful in predicting the mixing downstream of the injector compared to the mixing on the injector, especially at low blowing ratios. A collapse of the thermal effectiveness values calculated from simulation data is achieved, which agrees with laminar correlations within an absolute value of ±10%. It is shown that, when the concentration effectiveness is close to 1 at the injector, the temperature gradient becomes negative at locations immediately downstream of the injector, resulting in a negative heat flux. The acceleration of the coolant in the stream-wise direction downstream promotes dissipation of energy, which results in a reduction in the temperature of the coolant and thereby induces a negative temperature gradient close to the injector. Finally, an analytical model based on one-dimensional diffusion is proposed to predict the mixing between the coolant gas and boundary-layer gas at the wall downstream of a transpiring injector in a laminar flow. The model is validated against the experimentally obtained coolant concentration data. It successfully predicts the mixing at the wall downstream within 17% of the experimental data. It is shown that this mixing mechanism at the wall in laminar flows is fully described by the process of diffusion. The coolant coverage at a given downstream location is promoted when the stream-wise velocity decreases, the blowing ratio increases, or the diffusion coefficient drops. Subsequently, a mass budget calculation is performed for a transpiration-cooled hypersonic vehicle employing the analytical model. The model predicts a 3.6 times less coolant mass requirement when Helium is used as the coolant gas as opposed to Nitrogen for the chosen trajectory. However, Helium requires twice the storage volume compared to Nitrogen

Applications of the operator rɸs in q-polynomials

We establish rΦs as a general operator for many q-operators. A new polynomials hn(a1, · · · , ar; b1, · · · , bs; x, y; q) are described as an extension of the bivariate Rogers-Szegö polynomial hn(x, y|q) and the generalized Al-Salam–Carlitz q-polynomials φ n (a,b) (x, y|q). With the use of the operator rΦs, we provide an operator proof of the generating function and its extension, Mehler’s formula and its extension and Rogers formula and its extension to the polynomials hn(a1, · · · , ar; b1, · · · , bs; x, y; q). The generating function and its extension, Mehler’s formula and its extension and Rogers formula and its extension for hn(x, y|q) and φ n (a,b) (x, y|q) are deduced by giving special values to parameters of a new polynomial hn(a1, · · · , ar; b1, · · · , bs; x, y|q).Publisher's Versio

Estimation of Rice Evapotranspiration in Paddy Fields Using Remote Sensing and Field Measurements

Water resources are limited in many parts of the world. Due to the fast growing world population, the demand for domestic and industrial water use is increasing tremendously. This results in reduction of water for agricultural use, especially for major rice growing areas which needs huge amounts of water. The study was carried out in the northwest of Selangor, in the Tanjung Karang Rice Irrigation Project Malaysia. The objectives of this study were to estimate the rice evapotranspiration using satellite data and compare it with the field measurements. Eight sets of non-weighing lysimeters (91 cm x 91 cm x 61 cm) with attached casella hook were installed to measure the crop evapotranspiration at five different locations within the 19000 ha rice irrigation scheme. Global positioning system (GPS) was used to locate the lysimeter position. The rice yields in the lysimeters were manually measured for three seasons. An automatic meteorological station was installed inside the field to collect data required for calculations of the crop evapotranspiration using the CROPWAT software. NOAA satellite data was used as data input to correlate the remote sensing data with field evapotranspiration data. For three seasons, the off (dry)season from December to May, the main (wet) season from July to November, the observed ET from the lysimeters ranged from 3.2 to 5.8 mmlday, while ET by calculation using weather parameters ranged from 3.15 to 5.72 mmlday. There was no significant difference between the blocks in the first season of the experiment because of the small area and not much difference in the environmental conditions within the block. Most of the correlation for the second and the third season were significant at 0.01%. The corresponding ET values from satellite data were 4.04 to 6.54 mmlday. Considering ET measured by lysimeter as the most accurate method, ET determined using satellite data overestimates and by computed method underestimates those obtained by lysimeter. ETc by NOAA data were found to overestimate by 8% to 12% with an average of 10%. Using CROPWAT, ETc were found to be underestimated between 7% and 20% with an average The significance findings of this research are that ET can be estimated for paddy areas in Malaysia with reasonable accuracy using satellite data or computed method. The implications are that much time and cost can be saved using these alternative techniques compared to manual data collection from lysimeters. This will result more efficient water management planning in the rice areas. Generally, by knowing the actual ET, the cropping calendar can be prepared at the beginning of the cultivation season by knowing the amounts of water needed throughout the season

Series Solutions of Multi-Layer Boundary Value Problems

It is well known that differential equations (DEs) play an important role in many sciences. They are mathematical representations of many physical systems. By studying such DEs, one gains many important insights about the physical system. Solutions of DEs provide information on the physical system behavior. As many physical systems are nonlinear in nature, this naturally gives rise to nonlinear differential equations (NLDEs). Such NLDEs are, in most cases, hard or sometimes impossible to solve analytically. In such situations, we resort to numerical techniques to approximate the solutions. The purpose of this thesis is to consider nonlinear multi-layer boundary value problems and seek approximate solutions. Many methods exist in the literature to numerically solve nonlinear boundary value problems. However, only few papers dealt with nonlinear multi- layer boundary value problems. In this work, we employ the homotopic analysis method (HAM) as the method of choice. We consider a real physical system dealing with the fluid flow in multi-channel porous media whose governing equations is exactly a nonlinear multi-layer boundary value problem

Case Study of Thermal Injection in Heavy Oil Reservoir

A study has been done on thermal injection – as an enhanced oil recovery - in heavy oil reservoir. Two types of thermal injection were discussed. These methods are cyclic steam stimulation and steam flooding. The simulation part was done using Eclipse 300 and literature data. Moreover, steam flooding technique was used in simulating the reservoir. It was confirmed that thermal injection is significant in heavy oil reservoir. It was shown that the viscosity is the main variable that affects the production rate and the recovery factor of the field. By decreasing the value of this variable the production rate was significantly increased. Using thermal injection increased the recovery factor from 3.75% to 56.5%

Factors Affecting the Intention to Use Electronic Banking Services Via Mobile Phone in Iraq and Solutions to Improve Them

أدى تطور الحاصل في القطاع المصرفي إلى زيادة المنافسة في تقديم  خدمات مصرفية الالكترونية مميزة للعملاء دفع المصارف الى استكشاف العوامل المؤثرة في نية العملاء لاستخدام الخدمات المصرفية الالكترونية عبر الهاتف المحمول في في البنوك العراقية وتقديم حلول للمشاكل التي تعاني منها المصارف العراقية. حيث تمثلت مشكلة البحث بقلة استخدام الخدمات المصرفية عبر الهاتف رغم توفرها على مدار 24 ساعة لذلك تنبع أهمية البحث من دراسة تأثير الخدمات المصرفية الإلكترونية للبنوك العراقية عبر الهاتف وأثرها على نية استخدام  العملاء . استند البحث على فرضية أساسية مفادها أن أمن الخدمات المصرفية عبر الهاتف المحمول يؤثر بشكل كبير على نية استخدام العملاء، استخدم الباحث المنهج الوصفي التحليلي حيث مثل مجتمع البحث جميع مستخدمي الخدمات المصرفية الالكترونية للبنوك ( الرافدين – الرشيد–التجاري) حيث تم سحبة عينة  عنقودية تكون من (120) عميل . استخدم الباحث استمارة استبيان  مكونة (30) فقرة حيث تم استطلاع آراء عملاء البنوك حول ما يتلقونه بالفعل من الخدمات المصرفية عبر الهاتف المحمول. وكذلك استخدم برنامج  spss  لقد أجرى اختبارات T- test و Anova لبيان أثر العوامل الديموغرافية  وتحليل  الانحراف المعياري والمتوسط الحسابي . ومن أهم النتائج التي توصل إليها الباحث أن هناك تأثيرًا للمتغيرات الديموغرافية على استخدام الخدمات المصرفية عبر الهاتف المحمول،  ان استخدام هذه الخدمة يقلل من تكاليف النقل هي أعلى فقرة في المتوسط ​​(4.03) و انحراف   (0.90) ، مما يعني وجود اتفاق على الاستخدام  تسهل الخدمة في تنفيذ المهام المصرفية وتقلل من التكاليف التي يتكبدها العميل .The development of the situation in the banking sector led to an increase in competition in providing distinguished electronic banking services to customers, which prompted banks to explore the factors influencing customers' intention to use electronic banking services through mobile phones in Iraqi banks and to provide solutions thereto. The problems that Iraqi banks suffer from. Where the research problem was represented in the lack of use of telephone banking services, although they are available 24 hours a day. Therefore, the importance of the research stems from studying the impact of electronic banking services of Iraqi banks over the phone and its impact on the intention to use customers. The research relied on a basic hypothesis that the security of mobile banking services greatly affects the customers' intention to use them. The researcher used the analytical descriptive approach, where the research community represented all users of electronic banking services for banks (Ravidian - Al-Rashid Commercial), where a cluster sample was drawn Consisting of (120) clients. The researcher used a questionnaire form consisting of (30) items, in which the opinions of bank customers were surveyed about what they actually receive from mobile banking services. He also used SPSS. He performed T and Anova tests to show the influence of demographic factors, and analyzed the standard deviation and the arithmetic mean. Among the most important findings of the researcher is that there is an effect of demographic variables on the use of mobile banking services, and that the use of this service reduces transportation costs, and the highest component is the mean (4.03) and the deviation (0.90), which means that there is an agreement to use the service that facilitates In carrying out banking tasks and reduces the costs incurred by the custome