The cuspidalisation of sections of arithmetic fundamental groups II

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from the publisher via the DOI in this recordIn this paper, which is a sequel to [7], we investigate the theory of cuspidalisation of sections of arithmetic fundamental groups of hyperbolic curves to cuspidally i-th and 2/p-th step prosolvable arithmetic fundamental groups. As a consequence we exhibit two, necessary and sufficient, conditions for sections of arithmetic fundamental groups of hyperbolic curves over p-adic local fields to arise from rational points. We also exhibit a class of sections of arithmetic fundamental groups of p-adic curves which are orthogonal to Pic∧, and which satisfy (unconditionally) one of the above conditions

Extention of Finite Solvable Torsors over a Curve

Let $R$ be a discrete valuation ring with fraction field $K$ and with algebraically closed residue field of positive characteristic $p$. Let $X$ be a smooth fibered surface over $R$ with geometrically connected fibers endowed with a section $x\in X(R)$. Let $G$ be a finite solvable $K$-group scheme and assume that either $|G|=p^n$ or $G$ has a normal series of length 2. We prove that every quotient pointed $G$-torsor over the generic fiber $X_{\eta}$ of $X$ can be extended to a torsor over $X$ after eventually extending scalars and after eventually blowing up $X$ at a closed subscheme of its special fiber $X_s$.Comment: 16 page

Arithmetic of p-adic curves and sections of geometrically abelian fundamental groups

This is the final version. Available from Springer via the DOI in this record. Let X be a proper, smooth, and geometrically connected curve of genus g(X)≥1 g(X)≥1 over a p-adic local field. We prove that there exists an effectively computable open affine subscheme U⊂X with the property that period(X)=1 period(X)=1, and index(X) index(X) equals 1 or 2 (resp. period(X)=index(X)=1 period(X)=index(X)=1, assuming period(X)=index(X) period(X)=index(X), if (resp. if and only if) the exact sequence of the geometrically abelian fundamental group of Usplits. We compute the torsor of splittings of the exact sequence of the geometrically abelian absolute Galois group associated to X, and give a new characterisation of sections of arithmetic fundamental groups of curves over p-adic local fields which are orthogonal to Pic 0 (resp. Pic ∧). As a consequence we observe that the non-geometric (geometrically pro-p) section constructed by Hoshi [3] is orthogonal to Pic 0

Theoretical investigation of topological ferrimagnetic intertwining double chain

In this paper, a novel trimeric chain approach to organometallic ferrimagnetics is proposed. The inter and intratrimer exchange interaction has been determined to be antiferromagnetic from a theoretical model magnetic susceptibility. The Curie law observed at very low temperature (q = 5.764 K l0) contrasts with significant ferromagnetic behaviour. The magnetic data were fitted with the IDC model. The compounds interestingly exhibit ferrimagnetic interactions with gCu1 =1.81, gCu2 =2.04 and gCu3 =2.43; J1 =-89.93K and J2= -2.68 KIn this paper, a novel trimeric chain approach to organometallic ferrimagnetics is proposed. The inter and intratrimer exchange interaction has been determined to be antiferromagnetic from a theoretical model magnetic susceptibility. The Curie law observed at very low temperature (q = 5.764 K l0) contrasts with significant ferromagnetic behaviour. The magnetic data were fitted with the IDC model. The compounds interestingly exhibit ferrimagnetic interactions with gCu1 =1.81, gCu2 =2.04 and gCu3 =2.43; J1 =-89.93K and J2= -2.68

Charbonnage en Tunisie

Après une introduction qui présente la situation forestière tunisienne et son évolution récente avec l'émergence des approches participatives, nous évaluons l'importance du secteur informel dans la production nationale de bois de feu et charbon de bois. La distinction entre filières légales et filières informelles ou clandestines constitue le fil conducteur de la présentation. La mise en perspective de la production légale de charbon de bois avec les chiffres de consommation établis par une enquête nationale récente révèle l'importance des filières informelles de charbonnage. Les implications écologiques et sociales de cette situation sont examinées à partir de plusieurs études de cas. Nous mettons en évidence l'impact destructeur du charbonnage sur la végétation arborée, en particulier dans les régions arides. Nous montrons les relations étroites entre l'activité clandestine de charbonnage et la situation de précarité, sociale et économique, de nombreuses familles rurales

Pb et As dans des eaux alcalines minières : contamination, comportement et risques (mine abandonnée de Zeïda, Maroc)

Des échantillons d’eau et de matière en suspension ont été prélevés le long de l’oued Moulouya et dans des lacs de carrière au niveau de l’ancien centre minier de Zeïda (Haute Moulouya, Maroc) en vue d’en évaluer la salubrité. Il est en effet important d’établir le degré et les causes éventuelles de dégradation de la qualité de ces eaux, compte tenu de leur usage à des fins tant domestiques qu’agricoles. Des résidus de traitement ont également été échantillonnés dans les haldes abandonnées.L’analyse des distributions et des variations spatio-temporelles des concentrations de Pb et As a permis de mettre en évidence que le centre minier a véritablement un impact sur la qualité des eaux de surface environnantes, malgré le caractère neutre à alcalin du drainage. Aucune ne rejoint les critères de l’Organisation mondiale de la santé en matière de Pb et As dans l’eau potable (10 µg/L), mais près de la moitié souscrit aux normes marocaines (50 µg/L). L’importance de la dégradation varie selon la saison et la localité, et le contraste entre sites a priori non dégradés et sites dégradés n’est pas toujours très prononcé. On observe même des variations à l’inverse des tendances attendues. Les résultats peuvent cependant être réconciliés en tenant compte de l’importance du transport particulaire par rapport au transport dissous au moment et au lieu de l’échantillonnage.Il appert que les minéralisations et les résidus miniers restés sur place peuvent constituer la principale source de pollution des eaux de surface de la région de Zeïda.The Upper Moulouya Basin was the location of extensive lead mining between 1930 and 1985, with three major operations near Aouli, Mibladen and Zeïda. The Moulouya drains about 7.5% of the Moroccan territory and provides drinking and irrigation water to many communities over its more than 500 km path. It is thus important to determine the impact of past mining activities on its water quality, since the mining sites were abandoned with little or no rehabilitation. This paper focuses on the Zeïda area, the uppermost of these mining centres on the Moulouya.About 630,172 t of lead concentrates (40‑70% Pb) were produced between 1972 and 1985 at Zeïda. Lead was mined from carbonate and sulphide mineral deposits (cerussite, 70%; galena, 30%) mixed with barite in stratiform ore bodies hosted by Permo-Triassic arkoses. Mining left 12 Mt and 70 Mt of tailings and wastes in fully exposed piles on each side of the Moulouya, as well as a dozen water-filled open-stopes. Mine drainage is of neutral pH, thanks to the low content of residual sulphide minerals and the availability of carbonate in the tailings and host rock. The river and some quarry-lakes are tapped to fulfill domestic, agricultural and stock-breeding needs. One lake is used to directly feed Zeïda’s water network (pop. 3,000), without any water treatment.The Moulouya, upstream and downstream of Zeïda, and four lakes were sampled twice in 2002 (dry period: February; wet period: April). Temperature, electric conductivity (EC), Eh and pH were measured in the field. Samples were filtered through 0.45 µm membranes. The filtrates were preserved with 4% HNO3 and kept at 4°C until analysis. The filters and their particulate fraction, as well as a composite sample of the tailings, were dried and kept dry until dissolution and analysis. All measurements were performed by ICP-MS and capillary electrophoresis analyses.Lead and arsenic are well above « normal » concentrations in the tailings, at 5,547 g/t and 192 g/t, respectively. These elements are clear threats to population health, since dust from unstabilized tailings can be dispersed by wind and rain waters, contaminating agricultural soils and surface waters, and eventually leading to cases of saturnism or arsenical intoxication in the population. All Pb and As concentrations measured in the waters sampled are above the World Health Organisation criteria for drinking water (10 µg/L for Pb and As). Nevertheless, about half of these measurements meet the Moroccan criteria (50 µg/L). All samples show near neutral or slightly basic pH values (7.2-8.9). EC is also high (> 1,000 µS/cm).As and Pb are largely associated with the particulate fraction (> 80% of total As and Pb), except for As in two lakes (< 40%). Overall, their concentrations are higher in the Zeïda area than upstream in the Moulouya. However, this is a tendency rather than a rule, because the differences are often small (< 50%) and suffer exceptions. For instance, Pb concentrations are 60% lower than the so-called uncontaminated reference station, in two quarry-lakes sampled during the wet period. The occasional lack of significant and consistent contrast between an obviously degraded environment and a pristine site was unexpected. The results were therefore further investigated, in order to identify possible explanations for the apparent discrepancies.Coherency in the data set emerges when one considers the relative importance of dissolved and particulate transport in the various types of environments sampled. Using this interpretation scheme, EC is considered as an indicator of solute transportation, since EC is a function of dissolved ionic components. Total Pb is regarded as an indicator of particulate transportation, since Pb is strongly adsorbed to particulate substrates at the pH observed. Following these assumptions, particulate transport appears to dominate over dissolved transportation in the Moulouya. Total Pb increases by factors of 3.4 and 9.8 from dry to wet periods, whereas EC decreases by 0.7-0.8, as a result of rain dilution. In two of the four lakes, dissolved transport is comparatively more important, since EC does not change significantly and total Pb shows only a small increase from the dry to the wet period. In these lakes, the dissolved input during the rainy period appears to be large enough to keep EC at its previous value, without significant dilution, as opposed to what is going on in the Moulouya. In the two other lakes, both EC and total Pb decrease from the dry to the wet period, pointing to dilution effects greater than either dissolved or particulate mobilization.Apparent discrepancies in the intensity and direction of variations are explained when prevailing modes of dispersion are taken into account. For instance, the enrichment factor of total Pb in the Moulouya, downstream of Zeïda, jumps from 1.1 (dry) to 3.2 (wet), with respect to the reference station. Meanwhile, EC increases only from 1.2 (dry) to 1.5 (wet). The greater increase of total Pb over EC is explained by prevalent particulate transport. In another case, the enrichment of EC with respect to the reference station, in two lakes, increases from 14.2 and 20.4 (dry) to 20.1 and 27.9 (wet) while total Pb enrichment decreases from 2.0 and 2.0 (dry) to 1.6 and 1.3 (wet). Here, the prevalence of dissolved transport in these two lakes, combined with particulate transport at the reference station, allow for a strong increase in the EC parameter, concurrent with a weak increase in total Pb. Finally, in the lakes where both dissolved and particulate transport are presumably minor, total Pb undergoes enrichment with respect to the reference station, in the dry period (by 3.4 and 1.8), whereas depletion characterizes the wet period (0.6 in both lakes). In this case, enrichment is likely the result of evaporation during the dry season, and depletion the result of dilution by rain during the wet period. These two types of lake behave differently because they are located next to residual mineral deposits (likely with more soluble phases), have short travel distances and thus fewer contacts with adsorbing substrates, which is not the case for the other two lakes

Callus Induction from Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) Seedlings and Leaves of Mature Tree

Callus induction was successfully carried out from several explants of carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.). Callogenesis from the apex was tested on three different media containing Woody Plant Medium (WPM), Murashige and Skoog (MS) or Schenk and Hildebrandt (SH) macronutrients supplemented with two different hormonal solutions: benzylaminopurine (BAP) at 4.44 µM alone, or 2.22 µM of BAP plus 5 µM of 2-naphthalineacetic acid (NAA). Primary callus formation was obtained on a medium containing 88% WPM macronutrients. Callus formation from other parts of the plant was as follows: − Cotyledon embryos extracted from immature seeds (85% success rate on WPM medium, containing 4.44 µM BAP and 5 µM NAA); − Cotyledon leaves taken from 7-day-old seedlings, obtained from in vitro germination of seeds (62% success rate on WPM medium, containing 4.44 µM BAP and 5 µM NAA); − Hypocotyls taken from 7-day-old seedlings (55% success rate on WPM containing 2.22 µM BAP and 5 µM NAA); − Differentiated leaves taken from mature tree (84% success rate on WPM medium, containing 4.44 µM of BA and 2.26 µM of NAA). In general, production of primary calli and their growth after transplantation was better on WPM medium supplemented with 2.5 µM NAA and 2.22 µM BAP

The future of the CDM: same same, but differentiated?

Policy-makers and scientists have raised concerns about the functioning of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), in particular regarding its low contribution to sustainable development, unbalanced regional and sectoral distribution of projects, and its limited contribution to global emission reductions. Differentiation between countries or project types has been proposed as a possible way forward to address these problems. An overview is provided of the different ways in which CDM differentiation could be implemented. The implications for the actors involved in the CDM are analysed, along with a quantitative assessment of the impacts on the carbon market, using bottom-up marginal abatement cost curves. The discounting of CDM credits, quota systems, or differentiated eligibility of countries could help to address several of the concerns raised. Preferential treatment may also make a limited contribution to achieving the aims of CDM differentiation by increasing opportunities for under-represented host countries. The impact on the carbon market appears to be limited for most options