Distribution of contagious and environmental mastitis agents isolated from milk samples collected from clinically health buffalo cows between brazilian dry and rainy seasons of the year

The present study was performed to evaluate the microbiological characteristics of clinically health quarters submitted to milking and also to observe the distribution of contagious and environmental agents between brazilian dry and rainy seasons of the year. During nine months 734 quarters from 37 buffalo cows were submitted monthly to udder inspection, palpation and strip cup test before milking. 734 asseptic milk samples were inoculated in 10% ovine blood agar and in MacConkey agar media, then incubated for 72 hours at 37oC. Among the 580 isolated microrganisms, 182 (31,38%) were recovered from samples collected during the rainy season and 398 (68,62%) from the dry season. In the rainy period the most prevalent agents were: bacteria from the genus Corynebacterium sp (53,30%), Staphylococcus sp (19,78%) and Rhodococcus equi (13,74%). In the dry period, the commonest ones were: Corynebacterium sp (44,97%), Staphylococcus sp (18,84%) and Micrococcus sp (9,55%). The results demonstrated that the methods used to select health quarters in brazilian dairy buffalo farms allow the transmission of contagious bacteria during both seasons of the year, maintaining Ital.J.Anim.Sci. vol. 6, (Suppl. 2), 896-899, 2007 897 VIII World Buffalo Congress agents known to cause mainly subclinical inflammatory reactions that compromise cronically the physiology and production of the mammary gland

Infeccion natural de Speothos venaticus (Carnivora: Canidae) por estadios adultos de Lagochilascaris sp. Natural infection of Speothos venaticus (Carnívora: Canidae) by adult Lagochilascaris sp.

Un ejemplar adulto macho de Speothos venaticus Lund, 1842 fue muerto accidentalmente en una vía de penetración rural, situada en la región Noroeste del Estado Bolívar, Venezuela, en el Municipio donde desde hace 16 años vive una paciente con lagochilascariasis. El animal conservado durante un mes por congelación y desprovisto de su piel y cabeza fue autopsiado, hallándose en la tráquea dos especímenes adultos hembras y grávidos de Lagochilascaris sp., los cuales presentaban algunas características morfológicas de sus partes blandas diferentes a Lagochilascaris minor Leiper, 1909; entretanto, distintivos estables como son la forma de los interlabios, la localización de la vulva y particularmente el tamaño y número de las depresiones de la cáscara de los huevos, inclinan a pensar que se trata de aquel parásito, a pesar de no haberse hallado vermes machos que permitiesen el estudio de las espículas y su ducto eyaculador. Fueron localizadas en cortes histológicos de laringe y tráquea profundamente situadas, secciones de formas degeneradas con características atribuíbles a Lagochilascaris sp.<br>An adult male Speothos venaticus Lund (bush dog) was found killed on a rural road in the Northeast of Bolívar State, in a locality where a patient with lagochilascariasis has lived for the past 16 years. The animal was frozen for 1 month, and after removal of the head and skin, was autopsied. Two adult gravid females of Lagochilascaris sp. were found in the trachea. Certain morphological characteristics of the soft parts differed from the description given for Lagochilascaris minor Leiper, 1909; however, stable characters, such as the form of the interlabials, the location of the vulva, and particulary the size and number of depressions of the egg shell appear to indicate that the worms are of the above mentioned species. Unfortunately, no males were found for study of the spicules and ejaculatory duct. In histological sections of the larynx and the trachea from the deep tissues, parts of degenerated worms were found, with characteristics attributable to Lagochilascaris sp

Infección inducida en el roedor selvático Dasyprocta leporina (Rodentia: Dasyproctidae), con huevos larvados de Lagochilascaris minor (Nematoda: Ascarididae) Induced infection in the wild rodent Dasyprocta leporina (Rodentia: Dasyproctidae) with larval eggs of Lagochilascaris minor (Nematoda: Ascarididae)

Ejemplares de Dasyprocta leporina Linnaeus, 1758 fueron criados alejados de su ambiente natural. A los 3 ó 4 meses de edad, se los inoculó por vía oral con huevos de Lagochilascaris minor Leiper, 1909 obtenidos de una paciente nativa. Los huevos se los incubó por más de 80 dias, para que de ellos fuese posible obtener por compresión mecánica, larvas que se mantuviesen vivas en medio acuoso por 48 horas o más. Sacrificados los animales a los 14 ó 46 dias posteriores a la infección, se hallaron en los músculos esqueléticos larvas ovilladas dentro de nódulos inflamatorios, los cuales no presentaban reacción a cuerpo extraño, abscedación o calcificación. El desarollo de los nódulos no parecía afectar la normalidad de los hospedadores. Las larvas obtenidas eran similares a las descritas por SPRENT como de tercer estadio para estos helmintos. Ratones blancos infectados con material similar, no presentaron nódulos en sus músculos ni se pudo recuperar de sus tejidos larva alguna. Por los hallazgos obtenidos con la infección de estos animales, se postula que el helminto no posee ciclo pulmonar y que su desarrollo requiere de un hospedador intermediario.<br>Specimens of Dasyprocta leporina (Linnaeus, 1758) were raised out their natural environment. At three to four months of age they were orally inoculated with Lagochilascaris minor (Leiper, 1909) eggs obtained from a native patient. The eggs were incubated for more than 80 days so that it was possible to obtain, by mechanical compression, larvae that could be maintained alive in liquid medium for 48 hours or more. The animals were sacrificed 14-46 days after infection and tangled larva in inflammatory nodules were found in skeletal muscle without foreign body reaction, abscess formation or calcification. The development of the nodules did not seem to affect the hosts. The larvae obtained were similar to those described by SPRENT as the third stage of these helminths. When white mice were inoculated with similar material it was not possible to recuperate larva from their tissues nor were nodules found. Based on these results it is postulated that the helminth does not present a pulmonary cycle and that its development requires an intermediary host

Aproveitamento de resíduos madeireiros para o cultivo do cogumelo comestível Lentinus strigosus de ocorrência na Amazônia

Este trabalho teve como objetivo a utilização de resíduos madeireiros do estado do Amazonas para o cultivo de Lentinus strigosus. de ocorrência na região. A linhagem foi procedente da coleção do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA. Utilizou-se separadamente serragens de Simarouba amara (marupá), Ochroma piramidale (pau de balsa) e Anacardium giganteum (cajuí) suplementadas com farelo de arroz e de trigo e CaCO3 (80:10:8:2), respectivamente, ajustando-se a umidade em torno de 75%. Os substratos (500g) foram acondicionados em sacos de polipropileno, esterilizados a 121 ºC , durante 30 minutos, inoculados e incubados em câmara climatizada a 25 ± 3 ºC e UR de 85%, até emissão dos primórdios, com redução de temperatura de 25 para 23 ± 1 ºC e aumento de UR para 85-90%, no período de "frutificação". O crescimento micelial ocorreu de 12 a 20 dias, com surgimento de primórdios com cerca de 15 a 25 dias após a inoculação. A produção de basidiocarpos ocorreu três a cinco dias após a emissão dos primórdios. Foram avaliados: eficiência biológica (EB, %), rendimento (g kg-1) e perda da matéria orgânica (PMO, %). As serragens suplementadas foram eficientes no cultivo de L. strigosus, apresentando EB de 38, 48 e 59%; rendimento de 98, 119 e 177 g kg-1; e PMO de 42, 59 e 48%, para marupá, pau de balsa e cajuí, respectivamente. Assim, há um potencial de aproveitamento desses resíduos na Amazônia, bem como uma provável utilização da linhagem selvagem, podendo contribuir para melhoria das condições sócio-econômicas da população regional e sustentabilidade dos recursos da biodiversidade.The objective of this work was to use wood residues from the state of Amazonas for the cultivation of Lentinus strigosus. found in that region. The strain came from the collection of the National Institute of Amazonian Research. Sawdust species Simarouba amara, Ochroma piramidale and Anacardium giganteum were separately used in the preparation of the substrates, supplemented with rice and wheat bran and CaCO3 (80:10:8:2), respectively, with humidity adjusted to approximately 75%. Substrates (500 g) were packed using bags polypropylene, sterilized at 121 ºC for 30 minutes, inoculated and incubated in an acclimatized chamber at 25 ± 3 ºC and relative air humidity of 85% until primordia emission, with temperature reduced from 25 to 23 ± 1 ºC and air relative humidity increased to 85-90% in the fruiting period. Micelial growth occurred within 12 to 20 days and primordia appeared within 15 to 25 days after the inoculation. Harvest occurred three to five days after primordia emission. Biological efficiency (BE, %), yield (g kg-1) and loss of organic matter (PMO, %) were evaluated. Supplemented sawdust were efficient in the cultivation of L. strigosus, presenting BE of 38, 48 and 59%, yield of 98, 119 and 177 g kg-1 and PMO of 42, 59 and 48% for Simarouba amara, Ochroma piramidale and Anacardium giganteum, respectively. The results show the potential use of those residues in the Amazon, as well as the possibility of using the wild strain, to contribute to the improvement of the social and economical conditions of the regional population and sustainability of the biodiversity resources

Cultivo e características nutricionais de Pleurotus em substrato pasteurizado Cultivation and nutritional characteristics of Pleurotus grown in pasteurized substrate

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade, eficiência biológica, massa fresca, composição centesimal dos cogumelos Pleurotus ostreatus (BF24) e Pleurotus sajor-caju (PSC96/03 e PSC01/06) produzidos no substrato capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum) pasteurizado e a relação Carbono/Nitrogênio inicial e final do substrato. O substrato seco e particulado a 2 cm foi umedecido por 24 horas e pasteurizado a 100 ºC durante 30 minutos. Adicionaram-se 3% de inóculo de cada linhagem, sendo acondicionado em embalagens de polipropileno com 1 kg cada uma. Os substratos foram incubados a 26 ºC e na fase de frutificação a 23±3 ºC e umidade relativa de 75% a 90%. Na linhagem BF24 observou-se maior massa fresca (281,19g), eficiência biológica (112,46%) e produtividade (28,11%). O substrato com relação Carbono:Nitrogênio inicial de 162:1 foi o de menor relação (68:1) após o cultivo do P. sajor-caju (PSC01/06). A linhagem PSC96/03 proporcionou maior teor de proteína em relação às demais, tendo a BF24 maior teor de lipídios. Quanto ao teor de carboidratos e cinzas, nas diferentes espécies e linhagens não houve diferenças significativas; já para a quantidade de fibras, as linhagens BF24 e PSC01/06 foram similares, porém superiores a PSC96/03. As duas espécies de Pleurotus podem ser cultivadas em capim-elefante pasteurizado, suprimindo o processo de compostagem.<br>The objective of this work was to evaluate the productivity, biological efficiency, fresh matter, and centesimal composition of mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus (BF24) and Pleurotus sajor-caju (PSC96/03 and PSC01/06) grown in pasteurized elephant grass substrate (Pennisetum purpureum). It was also assessed the initial and final Carbon/Nitrogen ratio. The dried 2-cm-particulate substrate was moist for 24 hours and pasteurized at 100ºC during 30 minutes. Then, it was added 3% of inoculum of each strain. The substrate was placed into 1-kg polypropylene bags. The bags were incubated at 26ºC and relative humidity of 75 to 90%. In the fructification phase they were incubated at 23±3ºC. The strain BF24 had the highest fresh matter (281.19g), biological efficiency (112.46%) and productivity (28.11%). The substrate having initial Carbon/Nitrogen ratio of 162:1 showed the lowest final ratio (68:1), after P. sajor-caju (PSC01/06) cultivation. The strain PSC96/03 showed higher protein content than the others, and BF24 had the highest lipid content. There were no significant differences for carbohydrate and ash contents for the different species and strains. The strains BF24 and PSC01/06 had similar fiber amount, but higher than PSC96/03. The two species of Pleurotus can be cultivated in pasteurized elephant grass, supressing the composting process

Determinação de zinco da sola do casco de bovinos leiteiros com ou sem lesões podais, suplementados ou não com levedura seca de cana-de-açúcar Evaluation of hoof sole zinc concentration of dairy cow with and without foot lesions, suplemented or not with drought yeast from sugarcane

Com o objetivo de estudar as concentrações de zinco da sola do casco de bovinos com e sem lesões podais, suplementados ou não com levedura seca, foram selecionadas e examinadas 60 vacas, escolhidas aleatoriamente, de um rebanho de 150 animais. Formaram-se quatro grupos de 15 animais, sendo o primeiro com animais com lesões podais e suplementados com levedura, o segundo com animais com lesões podais e sem suplementação de levedura, o terceiro com animais sem lesões podais e suplementados com levedura e o quarto com animais sem lesões podais e sem a suplementação de levedura. As concentrações de zinco da sola do casco foram determinadas por espectrometria de absorção atômica com chama (AAS). A comparação estatística das concentrações de zinco nas amostras foram submetidos à análise de variância, seguida pelo teste de Tukey, para comparação de médias. As médias das concentrações de zinco da sola do casco dos animais dos quatro grupos, quando comparadas estatisticamente, apresentaram diferença estatística significativa, somente nos animais com lesões podais e suplementados com levedura.<br>With the goal of studying the hoof sole zinc concentrations of cow with and without foot lesions, suplemented or not with dried yeast from sugarcane; 60 cows were chosen from milking of 150 animals. Four groups of 15 animals were formed being the first one of animals with foot lesions and with supplemental yeast, the second one of animals with lesions and without supplemental yeast, the third group of animals without foot lesions and with supplemental yeast and the fourth one of animals without foot lesions and without supplemental yeast. Hoof sole zinc was determined by the Atomic Absortion Spectrophotometry (AAS). The results were statistically evaluated by analysis of variable, followed by Tukey’s test to compare mean levels. The mean concentration of zinc in the hoof sole of the groups statistically, significant showed differences only in the animals with foot lesions and with yeast supplementation

Antimicrobial activity and mineral composition of shiitake mushrooms cultivated on agricultural waste

The antimicrobial activity and mineral composition of shiitake mushrooms were evaluated in four isolates of Lentinula edodes. Mushrooms were cultivated on artificial logs, based on eucalyptus sawdust enriched with 20% rice, wheat, or soybean bran, or combination of 10% of two of these supplements. The substrates were humidified with a 0.1% mate tea extract or water. Logs of Eucalyptus grandis were also used to cultivate the shiitake mushrooms. The antimicrobial activity of an aqueous extract, corresponding to 40 mg of mushroom dry matter, was in some cases, depending on the isolate, able to inhibit both Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli K-12, independent of substrate composition or the growth stage of the mushrooms. Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and calcium concentrations varied according to the substrate on which the mushrooms were cultivated, being, generally, higher with cultivation on artificial rather than natural eucalyptus logs. It could be concluded that, in addition to the fungal isolate, substrate composition and, processing methods must be considered during the production of antimicrobial substance(s) as well as in the mushroom nutritional composition