3,553 research outputs found
Europe: So Many Languages, So Many Cultures
The number of different languages in Europe by far exceeds the number of countries. All European countries have national languages, and in nearly all of them there are minority languages as well, whereas all major languages have dialects. National borders rarely coincide with linguistic borders, but the latter (including dialect borders) mark by their nature also more or less distinct cultural areas. This paper presents a survey of the different language families represented in Europe: Indo-European, Uralic, Altaic, and the four Caucasian language families, each with their sub-branches and individual languages. Some information is given on characteristic structural phenomena and on the status and history of these languages or language families and on some of their extinct predecessors. The paper ends with a short discussion on the language policy and practices of the institutions of the European Union. Europe lacks a language with the status and power comparable to Indonesian in Indonesia. The policy is therefore based on equal status of all national languages and on respect for all languages, including national minority ones. The practice, however, is unavoidably practical: “the more languages, the more English”
Loop formulation of the supersymmetric nonlinear O(N) sigma model
We derive the fermion loop formulation for the supersymmetric nonlinear
O sigma model by performing a hopping expansion using Wilson fermions. In
this formulation the fermionic contribution to the partition function becomes a
sum over all possible closed non-oriented fermion loop configurations. The
interaction between the bosonic and fermionic degrees of freedom is encoded in
the constraints arising from the supersymmetry and induces flavour changing
fermion loops. For this leads to fermion loops which are no longer
self-avoiding and hence to a potential sign problem. Since we use Wilson
fermions the bare mass needs to be tuned to the chiral point. For we
determine the critical point and present boson and fermion masses in the
critical regime.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures, presented at the 31st International Symposium on
Lattice Field Theory (Lattice 2013), 29 July - 3 August 2013, Mainz, German
Loop formulation of supersymmetric Yang-Mills quantum mechanics
We derive the fermion loop formulation of N=4 supersymmetric SU(N) Yang-Mills
quantum mechanics on the lattice. The loop formulation naturally separates the
contributions to the partition function into its bosonic and fermionic parts
with fixed fermion number and provides a way to control potential fermion sign
problems arising in numerical simulations of the theory. Furthermore, we
present a reduced fermion matrix determinant which allows the projection into
the canonical sectors of the theory and hence constitutes an alternative
approach to simulate the theory on the lattice.Comment: 20 pages, 3 figure
Supersymmetry breaking on the lattice: the N=1 Wess-Zumino model
We discuss spontaneous supersymmetry breaking in the N=1 Wess-Zumino model in
two dimensions on the lattice using Wilson fermions and the fermion loop
formulation. In that formulation the fermion sign problem related to the
vanishing of the Witten index can be circumvented and the model can be
simulated very efficiently using the recently introduced open fermion string
algorithm. We present first results for the supersymmetry breaking phase
transition and sketch the preliminary determination of a renormalised critical
coupling in the continuum limit.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures, proceedings of the XXIX International Symposium
on Lattice Field Theory - Lattice 2011, July 10-16, 2011, Squaw Valley, Lake
Tahoe, Californi
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