Specific manifestation of enzymomycotic depletion of grain on crop losses

Background. Enzymomycotic depletion of grain leads to a significant decrease in the dry matter mass of the grain, as the intensity of respiration increases, protein substances break down, enzymes (in particular, α-amylase) pass from the adsorbed form to the water-soluble one, and their activity increases sharply. One of the consequences of this is the intensive amylolysis of starch, which means a significant deterioration in the technological indicators of the quality of grain and seeds. Materials and Methods. This study gives a thorough description of the process of enzymomycotic depletion of grain of soft winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), sowing rye (Secale cereale L.), winter triticale (Triticosecale Witt.) depending on abiotic factors and the sources of resistance to ear diseases 4, 8, 12 days after the onset of full ripeness in the conditions of the western forest-steppe of Ukraine (2019–2021). Research methods – general scientific, field, measurement and weight, mathematical and statistical. Results and Discussion. According to the obtained results, the dependence of enzymomycotic depletion of grain on abiotic factors was established. The development of ear diseases depended both on weather factors and on the ecological plasticity of the cultivar. The highest percentage of the distribution of ear sepsoria was observed on the 12th day after the onset of full ripeness: wheat – 3.3 %, rye – 2.4 %, triticale – 1.9 %, fusarium, respectively 2.4 %, 1.9 %, 1 %, 8 %. The loss of dry matter in the weight of 1000 grains depended on the ecotype of the cultivar and the duration of the grain stan­ding time 4, 8, and 12 days after full ripeness. Conclusion. The following cultivars were most resistant to EMDG: Oberih Myronivsky (wheat), Kobza (rye), Obrij Myronivsky (triticale); their base seed production profitability rates being 75.1 %, 116.6 %, and 146.8 %, respectively. The results of the study can be used in the selection of varieties of winter grain crops resistant to enzymomycotic grain depletion for the western forest-steppe and Polissya zones of Ukraine, where breeding work on these crops is not carried out and agricultural producers purchase seeds of new varieties from the originating institutions of the central forest-steppe to introduce them into production

Rights of a person and a citizen as the main aspect of anthropological paradigm of law

The article deals with the analysis of human and citizen’s rights, which became apparent in human culture, because just with culture is bound together everything directed to self-preservation, reproduction and improvement of human person and is embodied both in objects of material and spiritual world and in social life norms

Ecological and economic efficiency of growing maize for grain in short-rotation cultivation of the Western region

Purpose. The purpose of the article – to substantiate the economic efficiency and environmental feasibility of maize growing for grain in short-rotational cultivation in the Western region at different levels of anthropogenic loads. Methodology / approach. Ecological and economic assessment of the efficiency of growing maize for grain in short-rotation cultivation with the help of intensive and alternative organomineral fertilization systems was carried out on the basis of the interpretation of information array of data obtained in the conditions of a long-term experimental model range of the Institute of Agriculture of the Carpathian Region during 2016–2020. The economic efficiency was determined by the calculation method according to the technological maps developed by us. Results. It has been proved that the complex use of mineral (N120P100K100) and organic (both traditional – manure, and alternative – winter wheat straw – stubble predecessor in cultivation and green mass of post-harvest sidereal culture) fertilizers contributes to obtaining high productivity of maize grain with a yield of 6.10–6.87 t/ha of grain, 8.20–9.20 t/ha of feed units and 0.49–0.55 t/ha of digestible protein. It has been proven that the highest values of notional net profit (737 USD/ha) and payback of 1 USD of expenses (2.0 USD) are provided for joint application of mineral and alternative organic fertilizers. It has been established that a high conditional level of profitability of growing maize for grain (72–104 %) is formed for the introduction of mineral fertilizers at a dose of N120P100K100 on traditional and alternative organic backgrounds. The ecological-stabilizing role of organomineral fertilizing complexes has been substantiated in soil-grain processes, proposed for use in maize growing for grain. Originality / scientific novelty. For the first time in the conditions of the Western region, there is a scientifically substantiated ecological and economic feasibility of maize growing for grain in short-rotation cultivation with traditional and alternative fertilization systems. Practical value / implications. The proposed approaches for growing maize for grain in short-rotation cultivation of the Western region ensure its high grain productivity at the level of yield of 6.10–6.87 t/ha of grain, 8.20–9.20 t/ha of fodder and 0.49–0.55 t/ha of digestible protein, increase the conditional level of profitability up to 72–104 % for environmentally safe agricultural production

Patterns of winter wheat ear productivity formation depending on the content of trace elements in the soil

The study of patterns of the formation of ear productivity depending on the content of potentially bioavailable Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu in the soil, the stochastic formalization of such patterns are important for a more profound understanding of the conceptual and mechanistic aspects of the dependence of yield development on the levels of nutrient supply of winter wheat under the conditions of environmentally friendly fertilization systems. The purpose of this study was to find statistically significant interdependencies, significant and relevant univariate or multivariate regression equations of the dependence of the mass of grains of ear-1 of winter wheat on the content of potentially bioavailable Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu in the soil, arguments and explanations of such subordinations under the conditions of environmentally friendly fertilization systems. The following methods were used in the study: field, laboratoryanalytical, mass-spectrometric, mathematical-statistical (Student’s t-test, ANOVA, correlational, single- and multivariate regression analyses). The applied green fertilization systems based on pea straw or pea straw + N30P45K45, or N60P90K90, only N60P90K90 caused an increase in the weight of grains of one ear of winter wheat, the content of mobile forms of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu in the grey forest soil under this culture (earing phase), compared to the control (without fertilizers). Substantial and significant Pearson correlation coefficients between the mass of grains of an ear of wheat and the content of mobile Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu in the soil, the corresponding contents of Mn and Zn, Cu and Zn, as well as the coefficients of partial correlation of the mass of grains of ear-1 of wheat – Cu, Mn – Zn testified to the complex structure of interdependencies between the traits under study. Reliable, relevant single- and multifactorial regression dependences of the mass of grains of ear-1 on linear combinations of products of independent variables (the content of mobile Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu in the soil) and/or such variables in indicators of natural powers 2-4 (fragments of the Kolmogorov-Gabor polynomial) were found. The coverage of regularities in the formation of the productivity of the ear of winter wheat depending on the content of potentially bioavailable microelements in the soil under the conditions of environmentally friendly fertilization systems will enable the theoretical substantiation and development of the latest strategies of mineral and ecological engineering of agricultural systems to maintain prominent levels and biological safety of the harvest of the specified cro

Protection of patent law objects, created by artificial intelligence (AI) technologies

The aim of the article is to solve the scientific problem of outlining the issue of protection of patent law objects created using artificial intelligence technologies, and to establish whether it is possible to recognize artificial intelligence technologies as inventor at the present stage of development of legal systems. Philosophical, comparative-legal and system-structural methods were used in the research process. Based on the analysis of the European Patent Convention, the main generally accepted conditions of patentability of the invention are determined: novelty, inventive step, industrial applicability. It has been established that inventions created by artificial intelligence technologies will meet such criteria provided that certain requirements are met. In the context of the study, the case of the invention of artificial intelligence «DABUS» is analyzed and the results of its consideration in the European Patent Organization, the United Kingdom and the United States are summarized. In particular, it has been established that artificial intelligence technologies are currently not considered as inventors in either the Romano-Germanic or Anglo-Saxon legal systems

Дослідження біологічно активних речовин насіння конопель посівних, конопляної олії та макухи

For the time being, the use of cannabis for medical purposes is more and more relevant. A review of literary sources shows that Ukrainian varieties of hemp are insufficiently studied. Therefore, the variety "Glesia" was chosen for the study, as it is the most promising Ukrainian variety. Fatty oil from hemp seeds is the leading pharmaceutical and food product produced from this raw material in Ukraine. During its production, the pomace remains, which is used for feeding animals. At the same time, it still contains many other BAS and can be a valuable raw material for creating pharmaceutical products. Therefore, developing technologies for the complex processing of this raw material is an urgent task of modern pharmaceutical science. The aim of this work was a phytochemical study of biologically active substances of hemp seeds, hemp seed oil and hemp pomace in order to develop the new phytoremedies. Materials and methods. Non-narcotic hemp seeds of the "Glesia" variety, hemp seed oil and hemp pomace were the objects of research. The elemental analysis was made using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry - iCAP 7000 Duo; the study of amino acids was made using ion exchange chromatography; the study of fatty acids was made using gas-liquid chromatography. In addition, the content of vitamin E (α-, β- and γ-tocopherols) was studied using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection; the content of protein was studied using A.I. Ermakov method in O.O. Sozinov and F.O. Poperelia modification. Research results. The analysis of the qualitative characteristics of the obtained fatty oils shows that all indicators met the requirements of the State Standard of Ukraine. For the first time, the transition of macro- and microelements from hemp seeds of the "Glesia" variety into fatty oil was determined, and their residue in the pomace was established. The content of 16 amino acids was determined. The content of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in oil samples was established. The content of α- β- γ-tocopherol in hemp seeds, hemp oil and hemp pomace was investigated using GC / MS. It was found that the protein content in the pomace was in the range of 32.8 – 34.6 %. Conclusions. We conducted a complex study of biologically active substances of non-narcotic hemp seeds of the "Glesia" variety that was harvested in 2019 and 2020, the hemp oil and hemp pomace. It was established that the content of macro- and microelements in the studied raw material of Cannabis sativa L. corresponds to the following order: Ca> Mg> Si> Fe> Al> Mn> Zn> Sr> B> Cu> Ba> Cr and Ni> Se> Co> Mo> Cd> Be> I> Pb. The content of 16 amino acids was determined. Of them, 7 amino acids are essential (leucine, valine, threonine, lysine, methionine, isoleucine, phenylalanine), 2 amino acids are essential for children (histidine and arginine), and 7 amino acids are replaceable (alanine, tyrosine, proline, glycine, glutamic and aspartic acids). It was found that the main fatty acids of all samples were linoleic, oleic and linolenic. The content of α- and γ-tocopherol predominated in the studied samples. Hemp seeds of the "Glesia" variety and hemp pomace contain protein. The protein content in the pomace ranged from 32.8 to 34.6 %Цель: Актуальным является расширение ассортимента лекарственных препаратов с противовоспалительными, антимикробными, антидепрессивными и обезболивающими свойствами. Поэтому поиск новых препаратов на основе биологически активных веществ конопли посевной является актуальной задачей для современной практической фармации и медицины. Целью этой работы было комплексное исследование биологически активных веществ семян конопли посевной, конопляного масла и жмыха с целью последующего создания фитопрепаратов. Материалы и методы. Объектами исследования были: семена ненаркотической конопли сорта «Глесия», конопляное масло и жмых. Изучение «элементного состава» проводили методом атомно-эмиссионной спектрометрии с индуктивно-связанной плазмой iCAP 7000 Duo; «аминокислотного состава» - методом ионообменной хроматографии; «жирнокислотного состава» - методом газожидкостной хроматографии; содержания «витамина Е» (α-, β- и γ-токоферолов) - методом высокоэффективной жидкостной хроматографии (ВЭЖХ) с фотометрическим (в ультрафиолетовой области) детектированием; «белка» - по методике предложенной A.И. Ермаковым в модификации А.А. Созинова и Ф.А. Поперели. Результаты. Проведенный нами анализ качественных характеристик полученных жирных масел свидетельствует, что все показатели соответствовали требованиям Госстандарта Украины. Впервые проведено определение перехода макро- и микроэлементов из семян конопли сорта «Глесия» в жирное масло и установлено их остаток в жмыхе. Было определено содержание 16 аминокислот. Установлено содержание насыщенных и ненасыщенных жирных кислот в образцах масла. Исследовано содержание α-, β-, γ-токоферола в семенах, конопляном масле и жмыхе методом ГХ / МС. Установлено, что содержание белка в жмыхе находился в пределах 32,8 - 34,6%. Выводы. Нами было проведено комплексное исследование БАР семян ненаркотической конопли сорта «Глесия» 2019 и 2020 годов заготовки, конопляного масла и жмыха. Установлено, что количественное содержание макро- и микроэлементов в исследуемой сырье Cаnnabis sativa L. соответствует таким закономерностям: Ca> Mg> Si> Fe> Al> Mn> Zn> Sr> B> Cu> Ba> Cr и Ni> Se> Co> Mo> Cd> Be> I> Pb. Было определено содержание 16 аминокислот, из которых 7 относятся к незаменимым (лейцин, валин, треонин, лизин, метионин, изолейцин, фенилаланин) и 2 – к незаменимым для детей (гистидин и аргинин), 7 амино кислот – заменяемы (аланин, тирозин, пролин, глицин, серин, глутаминовая и аспарагиновая кислоты). Установлено, что основными жирными кислотами в составе всех образцов были линолевая, олеиновая и линоленовая. В исследуемых образцах преобладало содержание а- и γ-токоферола. Семена и жмых конопли сорта «Глесия» содержат белок. Содержание белка в жмыхе находится в пределах 32,8 - 34,6%. Ключевые слова: Cаnnabis sativa L., семена, жирное масло, жмых, макроэлементы, микроэлементы, жирные кислоты, аминокислоты, токоферол, белок.Мета: Використання канопель у медичних цілях стає все більш актуальним. Огляд літературних джерел показує, що українські сорти конопель ввивчені недостаттньо. Тому для дослідження був обраний сорт «Глесія», як є найбільш перспективним українським сортом. Жирна олія з насіння канопель є основним фармацевтичним та харчовим продуктом, який виробляється з цієї сировини в Україні. При її виробництві залишається макуха, яку використовують для харчування тварин, тоді як вона містить ще значну кількість інших БАР та може бути цінної сировиною для створення фармацевтичних продуктів. Тому розробка технологій комплексної переробки цієї сироивни є актуальною задачею сучасної фармацевтичної науки. Метою роботи було фітохімічне дослідження біологічно активних речовин насіння конопель посівних, конопляної олії та макухи з метою подальшого створення фітопрепаратів. Матеріали і методи. Об’єктами дослідження були: насіння ненаркотичних конопель сорту «Глесія», конопляна олія та макуха. Вивчення «елементного складу» проводили методом атомно-емісійної спектрометрії з індуктивно-зв’язаною плазмою iCAP 7000 Duo; «амінокислотного складу» - методом іонообмінної хроматографії; «жирнокислотного складу» - методом газорідинної хроматографії; вмісту «вітаміну Е» (α-, β- і γ-токоферолів) - методом високоефективної рідинної хроматографії (ВЕРХ) з фотометричним (в ультрафіолетової області) детектуванням; «білка» - за методикою запропонованою A.І. Єрмаковим в модифікації О.О. Созинова і Ф.О. Поперелі. Результати. Проведений нами аналіз якісних характеристик одержаних жирних олій свідчить, що всі показники відповідали вимогам Держстандарту України. Вперше проведено визначення динаміки переходу макро- та мікроелементів з насіння конопель сорту «Глесія» в жирну олію та встановлено їх залишок в макусі. Було визначено вміст 16 амінокислот. Встановлено вміст насичених та ненасичених жирних кислот в зразках олії. Досліджено вміст α- , β- , γ-токоферолу в насінні, конопляній олії та макусі методом ГХ/МС. Встановлено, що вміст білку в макусі знаходився в межах 32,8 - 34,6 %. Висновки. Нами було проведено фітохімічне дослідження БАР насіння ненаркотичної коноплі сорту «Глесія» 2019 та 2020 років заготівлі, конопляної олії та макухи. Встановлено, що кількісний вміст макро- та мікроелементів в досліджуваній сировині Cаnnabis sativa L. Відповідає таким закономірностям: Ca> Mg> Si> Fe> Al> Mn> Zn> Sr> B> Cu> Ba> Cr та Ni> Se> Co> Mo> Cd> Be> I> Pb. Було визначено вміст 16 амінокислот, з яких 7 відносяться до незамінних (лейцин, валін, треонін, лізин, метіонін, ізолейцин, фенілаланін) та 2 незамінних для дітей (гістидин і аргінін), 7 замінних (аланін, тирозин, пролін, гліцин, серин, глутамінова та аспарагінова кислоти). Встановлено, що основними жирними кислотами у складі всіх зразків були лінолева, олеїнова та ліноленова. В досліджуваних зразках переважав вміст а- та γ-токоферолу. Насіння та макуха конопель сорту «Глесія» вміщують білок. Вміст білку в макусі знаходився в межах 32,8 - 34,6 %

Luminescence mechanisms in the 2V2_2O5_5-xLi2_2O-(98-x)B2_2O3_3 glass matrices developed for creation of glass-ceramic materials

The oxide glass-ceramics is a promising class of solid state materials because they are based on thermally stable and chemically inert glass oxide matrices. Development of such efficient glass matrices suitable for creation of glass-ceramic materials for several purposes is an important practical task. The xLi$_2$O-yV$_2$O$_5$-(100-x-y)B$_2$O$_3$ undoped glass and 47Li$_2$O-$_2$V$_2$O$_5$-50B$_2$O$_3$-1La$_{0.3}$Eu$_{0.7}$VO$_4$ glass samples with crystalline nanoinclusions were synthesized and investigated using XRD, IR and UV-Vis spectroscopy and UV band-to-band excitation of luminescence. The synthesized glass samples are characterized by wide band photoluminescence emission with maximum at 570 nm and intensity increased with increase of Li$_2$O concentration. The excitation spectra consist of three bands with maxima located at 270, 320 and 365 nm. The observed concentration dependencies of spectral distributions in the absorption and excitation spectra are explained by influence of the lithium ions on a ratio between triborate and tetraborate groups in the glass networks. The assumption is made that the observed wide band photoluminescence emission of the glass matrix can appear as a result of recombination processes between the defects in borate networks and the broken vanadate groups. The crystalline component in the doped glass samples is found to not affect the luminescence properties of the glass matrix. Intensity of narrow band photoluminescence emission of the crystalline component is up to 10 times more intense than that of the glass matrix wide band emission. The synthesized type of the glass matrices has promising characteristics for the use of developed materials in lighting devices, as it allows improving the spectral distribution of light emission towards the white light