Groups of loops and hoops

The approaches to quantum field theories based in the so called loop representation deserved much attention recently. In it, closed curves and holonomies around them play a central role. In this framework the group of loops and the group of hoops have been defined, the first one consisting in closed curves quotient with the equivalence relation that identifies curves differing in retraced segments, and the second one consisting in closed curves quotient with the equivalence relation that identifies curves having the same holonomy for every connection in a fiber bundle. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the relation between hoops and loops, or in other words, to give a description of the class of holonomy equivalent curves.Comment: LaTeX2e, 11 pages, 2 figure

CODE MIXING AND CODE SWITCHING IN “COSMOPOLITAN INDONESIA” MAGAZINE

Penggunaan alih kode dan campur kode dalam bahasa penulisan kini kian marak di masyarakat Indonesia terutama pada penulisan artikel di majalah.Majalah Cosmopolitan Indonesia merupakan salah satu majalah yang banyak memuat alih kode dan campur kode pada artikelnya.Adanya variasi bahasa dalam penulisan artikel menggunakan alih kode dan campur kode mempermudah penulis menyampaikan pesan dan juga pembaca untuk mengerti isi pesan. Selain itu penggunaan alih kode dan campur kode dengan bahasa asing menjadikan suatu gaya hidup atau tren baru dalam masyarakat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui kegunaan dan faktor adanya alih kode dan campur kode yang terjadi di majalah Cosmopolitan Indonesia. Metode yang digunakan dalam penulisan final project ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif yang sistematis, nyata, dan akurat. Dalam pengumpulan data, penulis melakukan note taking dalam artikel di majalah Cosmopolitan Indonesia, kemudian meneliti pada setiap kalimat dan tuturan yang ada dalam artikel. Hasil penelitian final project ini ialah penggunaan alih kode dan campur kode dengan bahasa asing di majalah Cosmopolitan terjadi karena penulis ingin membuat pembaca lebih mudah menerima pesan yang disampaikan, bahasa yang digunakan sesuai dengan tren masa kini dan penggunaan bahasa yang lebih tepat dalam menyampaikan sesuatu

Mating behaviour and male refusal during early pregnancy in female alpacas

openCon questo progetto si vuole studiare la relazione tra il comportamento di “sputo” e lo stato di gravidanza di 6 femmine di alpaca e successivamente vedere se esiste una possibile correlazione tra i livelli plasmatici di progesterone e il comportamento di sputo precedentemente menzionato. Sulla base di ricerche bibliografiche, alti livelli di progesterone sono un buon modo per accertare lo stato di gravidanza della femmina e quindi essa dovrebbe rifiutare la presenza del maschio sputandogli addosso e cercando di scappare. Abbiamo anche cercato di trovare una sequenza di azioni che potesse prevedere il comportamento di sputo della femmina nei confronti del maschio. Le 6 femmine studiate in questo progetto sono state divise in due gruppi perché gli stalloni utilizzati erano solo 3 e ognuno di loro è stato presentato alla corrispondente femmina 4 volte: giorno dell'accoppiamento (T0), primo test comportamentale di gravidanza (T7), secondo test comportamentale di gravidanza (T12) e terzo test comportamentale di gravidanza (T15). Gli incontri sono stati ripresi con una telecamera e successivamente è stata calcolata la durata dei comportamenti prescelti ad eccezione dei calci e degli sputi perché, trattandosi di eventi, ne abbiamo guardato l'occorrenza e la frequenza. Il giorno prima di ogni presentazione, veniva prelevato del sangue dalla femmina in modo da avere un andamento dei livelli di progesterone prima e durante i primi giorni di gravidanza per poi confrontare i risultati ormonali con quelli comportamentali. I risultati ottenuti durante questo studio hanno mostrato alcuni componenti individuali che non ci hanno permesso di confermare l'affidabilità del comportamento dello sputo come metodo indiretto per valutare la gravidanza nelle femmine di alpaca, almeno durante i primi 15 giorni di gravidanza.With this project we want to study the relation between the “spitting” behavior and the pregnancy status of 6 alpaca females and subsequently to see if there is a possible the correlation among plasma progesterone levels and the previous mentioned spitting behavior. Based on bibliographic researches, high progesterone levels are a good way to ascertain the pregnancy status of the female and so she should refuse the male presence by spitting at him and trying to escape. We also tried to find a sequence of actions that could predict the spitting behavior performed by the female towards the male. The 6 females studied in this project were divided in two groups because the stallions used were just 3 and each of them was presented to the corresponding female 4 times: mating day (T0), first behavioral pregnancy test (T7), second behavioral pregnancy test (T12) and third behavioral pregnancy test (T15). The encounters were filmed with a camera and subsequently the duration of the chosen behaviors was calculated with the exception of kicking and spitting because, being events, we looked at their occurrence and frequency. The day before each presentation, some blood was collected from the female so to have a trend of how the plasma progesterone levels were changing before and during the first days of pregnancy to then compare the hormonal results with the behavioral ones. The results obtained during this study showed some individual components that did not allowed us to confirm the reliability of the spitting behavior as an indirect method to assess pregnancy in female alpacas, at least during the first 15 days of pregnancy

Validation d’un système d’observation du climat d’apprentissage en activité physique

L'article a pour objectif la validation d'un système d'observation du climat d'apprentissage (SOCA) qui constitue une stratégie novatrice d'analyse du processus d'enseignement-apprentissage. Son originalité repose sur l'observation des types d'implication (déviance, passivité, inconsistance, application, enthousiasme) manifestés par des participants lors de séances d'enseignement en activité physique. Son développement est basé sur la notion de climat d'apprentissage; celui-ci correspond à l'ambiance de travail qui règne pendant une séance d'enseignement et qui se manifeste par le degré d'implication des participants dans la réalisation des tâches proposées par l'intervenant. Les cinq procédures de validation (validation de contenu, justesse de codification, fidélité interanalyste, validité d'utilisateurs potentiels, validité de construit) confirment la validité et la fiabilité du SOCA pour décrire des comportements de participants représentatifs du climat d'apprentissage.The objective of this study is a validation of a learning climate observational system (SOCA), this being an innovative strategy for analysing the teaching-learning process. The originality of the system is based on an observation of various types of implication (deviance, passivity, inconsistency, application, enthusiasm) as shown by participants during physical activity teaching sessions. The development of the system is based on the notion of learning climate, defined as the ambiance observed during a teaching session and manifested by the degree of participant implication in the accomplishment of tasks proposed by the teacher. The five validation procedures (content validation, accuracy, inter-judge reliability, validity of potential users, and construct validity) confirm the validity and reliability of SOCA in describing participants behavior that is representative of learning climate.El articulo tiene por objeto validar un sistema de observacion sobre el clima de aprendizaje (SOCA) el cual constituye una estrategia innovadora de analisis del proceso de ensefianza-aprendizaje. Su originalidad reside en la observacion de los tipos de implicacion (desvio, pasividad, inconsistencia, aplicaciôn, entusiasmo) manifestados por los participantes durante las sesiones de enseiianza en actividad fisica. Sei desarrollo de este sistema se apoya sobre la nocion de clima de aprendizaje; esta corresponde al ambiente de trabajo que existe durante una sesiôn de enseiianza y que se manifîesta a través del nivel de implicacion de los participantes en la realizacion de la tareas propuestas por el interventor. Los cinco procedimientos de validacion (validacion del contenido, exactitud de codificacion, fidelidad de interanalisis, validacion de utilizadores potenciales, validacion de la construccion), confirman la validez y la fiabilidad del SOCA para describir las conductas representativas del clima de aprendizaje en los participantes.In diesem Artikel wird versucht, die Validitàt eines "Systems der Beobachtung des Unterrichtsklimas" (SOCA) darzulegen. Es handelt sich dabei um eine neuartige Stratégie der Analyse des Lehr-lernprozesses. Seine Originalitât beruht darauf, da£ verschiedeneTypen der Beteiligung beobachtet werden, die bei Turnstunden vorkommen: Ablenken, Abwarten, Ausscheren, Mitmachen, Einsteigen. Der Begriffdes Unterrichtsklimas wird neu definiert als das wàhrend einer Unterrichtsstunde herrschende Arbeitsklima, welches durch die relative Intensitàt der Beteiligung an den vom Turnlehrer vorgeschlagenen Ubungen zustande kommt. Die funf Validierungsverfahren (Inhaltsvalidierung, Richtigkeit der Kodifizierung, Analystenubereinstimmung, Validitàt potentieller Benutzer, Konstruktionsvaliditat) bestâtigen, daf? das SOCA ein zuverlassiges System ist, das die genaue Beschreibung der fiir das Unterrichtsklima ausschlaggebenden Verhaltensweisen der Teilnehmer ermôglicht