Genetic Distance Based On Ssr And Grain Yield Of Inter And Intrapopulational Maize Single Cross Hybrids

The objective of this work was to correlate the genetic distances between the progenitors obtained by microsatellite markers with the grain yield of inter and intrapopulational maize single cross hybrids. Three S 0 populations derived from commercial single cross hybrids were used to obtain 163 hybrids (110 interpopulational and 53 intrapopulational). The two best hybrids and two worst hybrids of each the inter- and intrapopulational crosses were selected and their progenitors maintained through self-pollination of the second ear of each S 0 plant, genotyped with 47 SSRs. The Modified Roger's Distance (MRD) between each pair of S 1 inbred lines, the number of alleles and the polymorphic information content (PIC) of each primer were estimated. The genetic distances between progenitors were correlated with the grain yield of the inter- and intrapopulational hybrids. The number of obtained alleles was 186, with a mean of 3.96 alleles. The PIC varied from 0.49 to 0.80, with a mean of 0.65. The mean genetic distance between all S 1 inbred lines was 0.75, varying from 0.40 to 0.89, indicating the existence of variability between the S 1 inbred lines. The correlation between MRD and grain yield was high and significant for the interpopulational crosses (r = 0.84, P ≤ 0.01) and low and not significant (r = 0.18, P ≥ 0.05) for intrapopulational crosses.5103/04/15507513Ajmone Marsan, P., Castiglioni, P., Fu Sari, F., Kuiper, M., Motto, M., Genetic diversity and its relationship to hybrid performance in maize as revealed by RFLP and AFLP markers (1998) Theor. Appl. Genet., 96, pp. 219-227Árcade, A., Faivre-Rampant, P., Le Guerroué, B., Paques, L.E., Prat, D., Heterozigosity and hybrid performance in larch (1996) Theor. Appl. 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Genet., 32, pp. 314-331Cheres, M.T., Miller, J.F., Crane, J.M., Knapp, S.J., Genetic distance as a predictor of heterosis and hybrid performance within and between heterotic groups in sunflower (2000) Theor. Appl. Genet., 100, pp. 889-894Cruz, C.D., Shuster, I., (2004) GQMOL: Aplicativo Computacional para Análise de Dados Moleculares e de Suas Associações Com Caracteres Quantitativos. Versão 2004.2.1, , Viçosa. MGDhillon, B.S., Boppenmaier, J., Pollmer, R.G., Hermann, R.G., Melchinger, A.E., Relationship of restriction length polymorphisms among european maize inbreds with ear dry matter yield of their hybrids (1993) Maydica, 38, pp. 245-248Drinic, S.M., Trifunovic, S., Drinic, G., Konstantinov, K., Genetic divergence and its correlation to heterosis in maize as revealed by SSR base markers (2002) Maydica, 47, pp. 1-8Goodman, M.M., Stuber, C.W., Races of maize: VI. Isozyme variation among races of maize in Bolivia (1983) Maydica, 28, pp. 169-187Hallauer, A.R., Miranda Filho, J.B., (1988) Quantitative Genetics in Maize Breeding, 468p. , Iowa State University Press, AmesKruskal, J.B., Multidimensional scaling by optimizing goodness of fit to a no metric hypothesis (1964) Psychometrika, 29, pp. 1-27Lanza, L.L.B., Souza Jr., C.L., Ottoboni, I.M.M., Vieira, M.L.C., Souza, A.P., Genetic distance of inbred lines and prediction of maize single-cross performance using RAPD markers (1997) Theor. Appl. Genet., 94, pp. 1023-1030Le Clerc, V., Bazante, F., Baril, C., Guiard, J., Zhang, D., Assessing temporal changes in genetic diversity of maize varieties using microsatellite markers (2005) Theor. Appl. 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IMPORTÂNCIA DA DISCIPLINA ADMINISTRAÇÃO NOS CURSOS DE ENGENHARIA DA FURB

Este artigo tem como objetivo verificar a importância do ensino de administração nos cursos de engenharia tendo como base a formação e perfil do engenheiro requerido pela sociedade atualmente. A formação almejada é de um profissional de capacidade humanística, crítica e reflexiva elevada. Atualmente se espera do profissional de engenharia, não só o conhecimento técnico propriamente dito, pois já se passa pelo pressuposto que isso é uma condição inerente do profissional com uma boa formação, mas sim um conhecimento mais aprofundado de ciências humanas, sociais e gerenciais, sintetizando uma formação generalista. Acredita-se que para conseguir este perfil o profissional precisa ter em sua grade curricular básica, disciplinas de cunho humanístico social, que é o caso exemplificado neste artigo, as disciplinas de administração. Assim, como as demais áreas do conhecimento, o ensino de engenharia passa por uma constante busca de aperfeiçoamento com mudanças em seus currículos, para atender as necessidades atuais das novas tecnologias, demandas provenientes da sociedade e mercado de trabalho. Partindo do pressuposto que a inclusão das disciplinas de cunho de ciências humanas e sociais nas grades curriculares dos cursos de engenharia pode contribuir para dar suporte ao profissional em formação, analisou-se através de um questionário estruturado a disciplina de administração dos cursos de Engenharia Civil, Engenharia Química, Engenharia Industrial Elétrica e Engenharia de Telecomunicação da Universidade Regional de Blumenau, no segundo semestre de 2004. O questionamento principal é se o aluno percebe a importância deste tipo de disciplina na sua formação profissional. O resultado obtido é que o aluno, após ter quase a totalidade do conteúdo programado, consegue verificar esta importância, mas não consegue fazer ligações desta disciplina com outras de seu curso, ou seja a interdisciplinaridade dos conteúdos na visão do aluno não é alcançada em sua totalidade. Por outro lado, o perfil do docente é de uma pessoa capaz de transmitir sua experiência e trocá-las com os alunos, haja visto que muitos alunos já trabalham em sua futura área de atuaçã

Origin of 1015−101610^{15}-10^{16}G Magnetic Fields in the Central Engine of Gamma Ray Bursts

Various authors have suggested that the gamma-ray burst (GRB) central engine is a rapidly rotating, strongly magnetized, $(\sim 10^{15}-10^{16}$ G) compact object. The strong magnetic field can accelerate and collimate the relativistic flow and the rotation of the compact object can be the energy source of the GRB. The major problem in this scenario is the difficulty of finding an astrophysical mechanism for obtaining such intense fields. Whereas, in principle, a neutron star could maintain such strong fields, it is difficult to justify a scenario for their creation. If the compact object is a black hole, the problem is more difficult since, according to general relativity it has "no hair" (i.e., no magnetic field). Schuster, Blackett, Pauli, and others have suggested that a rotating neutral body can create a magnetic field by non-minimal gravitational-electromagnetic coupling (NMGEC). The Schuster-Blackett form of NMGEC was obtained from the Mikhail and Wanas's tetrad theory of gravitation (MW). We call the general theory NMGEC-MW. We investigate here the possible origin of the intense magnetic fields $\sim 10^{15}-10^{16}$ G in GRBs by NMGEC-MW. Whereas these fields are difficult to explain astrophysically, we find that they are easily explained by NMGEC-MW. It not only explains the origin of the $\sim 10^{15}-10^{16}$G fields when the compact object is a neutron star, but also when it is a black hole.Comment: 9 pages, accepted for publication in JCA

Structural study of Cu2−x_{2-x}Se alloys produced by mechanical alloying

The crystalline structures of superionic high temperature copper selenides Cu$_{2-x}$Se ($0 \le x \le 0.25$) produced by Mechanical Alloying were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. The measured XRD patterns showed the presence of the peaks corresponding to the crystalline superionic high temperature $\alpha$-Cu$_2$Se phase in the as-milled sample, and its structural data were determined by means of a Rietveld refinement procedure. After a heat treatment in argon at 200$^\circ$C for 90 h, this phase transforms to the superionic high temperature $\alpha$-Cu$_{1.8}$Se phase, whose structural data where also determined through the Rietveld refinement. In this phase, a very low occupation of the trigonal 32(f) sites ($\sim 3$%) by Cu ions is found. In order to explain the evolution of the phases in the samples, two possible mechanisms are suggested: the high mobility of Cu ions in superionic phases and the intense diffusive processes in the interfacial component of samples produced by Mechanical Alloying.Comment: 2 figures, submitted to Acta Crystallographic

Avaliação da qualidade de calcários agrícolas através do PRNT

Agricultural limestones of various PRNT (Relative Power of Total Neutralization) values, calculated considering the relative efficiency of their granulometric fractions, were used in a comparative study. A number of 22 limestone samples were collected ; 12 from different mills from the municipalities of Rio Claro, Piracicaba and Tietê and 10 selected to obtain a desired range of granulometric and chemical composition in the lot. The results indicate that PRNT formulas currently used in Brazil may be underestimating limestone efficiency. The proposed new formula can be taken as a more reliable index for agricultural purposes.Foram comparados os valores do PRNT de calcários agrícolas, empregando fórmulas que se baseiam em diferentes valores de eficiência relativa das frações granulométricas que compõem esses materiais. Foram utilizadas 22 amostras de calcários, sendo 12 de Rio Claro, Piracicaba e Tietê, Estado de São Paulo e as demais especialmente escolhidas visando variação nas composições granulométrica e química. Os resultados sugerem que as fórmulas de PRNT que têm sido utilizadas no Brasil , devem estar substimando a eficiência desses produtos , além de carecerem de um respaldo experimental mais convincente. A nova fórmula proposta pode ser mais confiável, apesar de estar também sujeita a várias críticas

Effective Action for QED with Fermion Self-Interaction in D=2 and D=3 Dimensions

In this work we discuss the effect of the quartic fermion self-interaction of Thirring type in QED in D=2 and D=3 dimensions. This is done through the computation of the effective action up to quadratic terms in the photon field. We analyze the corresponding nonlocal photon propagators nonperturbatively in % \frac{k}{m}, where k is the photon momentum and m the fermion mass. The poles of the propagators were determined numerically by using the Mathematica software. In D=2 there is always a massless pole whereas for strong enough Thirring coupling a massive pole may appear . For D=3 there are three regions in parameters space. We may have one or two massive poles or even no pole at all. The inter-quark static potential is computed analytically in D=2. We notice that the Thirring interaction contributes with a screening term to the confining linear potential of massive QED_{2}. In D=3 the static potential must be calculated numerically. The screening nature of the massive QED$_{3}$ prevails at any distance, indicating that this is a universal feature of % D=3 electromagnetic interaction. Our results become exact for an infinite number of fermion flavors.Comment: Latex, 13 pages, 3 figure

Eficiência relativa de diferentes frações granulometricas de calcários na neutralização da acidez dos solos, avaliada em laboratório

Two sedimentar and two metamorphic limestone, separated in the sieves n°s (ABNT) 5-10, 10-30, 30-50, and 50-60 were incubated with three types of soils. The neutralizing efficiency was evaluated by pH variation. The results showed that their efficiency is independent of the geological nature of limestone but is dependent of soil type. The following efficiency value is suggested for each size fraction: larges than size 10 is 0%, size 10-30 is 35%, sizes 30-50 is 75% and smaller than size 50 is 100%.As frações granulométricas retidas nas peneiras n°s (ABNT) 5-10, 10-30, 30-50, e 50-60 de quatro calcários, sendo dois sedimentares e dois metamórficos, foram incubadas durante 160 dias com três tipos de solos, em condições de laboratório. A eficiência das frações na neutralização da acidez dos solos foi avaliada pela variação do pH. Os resultados permitiram concluir que a referida eficiência independe da natureza geológica do calcário mas depende do tipo de solo, sendo decrescente na seguinte ordem: LVd, LEd e LEm. Apesar da legislação atual normatizar as características físicas dos calcários, bem como os seus graus de eficiência, a presente pesquisa sugere novos valores para a eficiência relativa das diferentes frações granulometricas de calcários: fração maior do que 10:0%, de 30:35%; de 30-50:75% e menor que 50:100%

Structural and optical studies of FeSb2 under high pressure

Nanostructured orthorhombic FeSb2 and an amorphous phase were formed by mechanical alloying starting from a mixture of high purity elemental Fe and Sb powders. The effects of high pressures on structural and optical properties were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy (RS). XRD patterns showed the presence of the orthorhombic FeSb2 phase up to the maximum pressure applied (28.2 GPa). The XRD patterns showed also an increase in the amount of the amorphous phase with increasing pressure up to 23.3 GPa. At 14.3 GPa, together with the former phases, a new phase was observed and indexed to a tetragonal FeSb2 phase, but its volume fraction is small at least up to 23.3 GPa. For the orthorhombic FeSb2 phase, the pressure dependence of the volume fitted to a Birch-Murnaghan equation of state gave a bulk modulus = 74.2 +- 3.0 GPa and its pressure derivative = 7.5 +- 0.6. RS measurements were performed from atmospheric pressure up to 45.2 GPa. For the orthorhombic FeSb2 phase, the Raman active mode was observed up to the maximum pressure applied, while the mode disappeared at 16.6 GPa. For pressures higher than 21 GPa, the Raman active mode of a tetragonal FeSb2 phase was observed, confirming ab initio calculations reported in the literature.Comment: 31 pages, 11 figures and 2 tables. Already submitted for publicatio

Seletividade de avermectin-B1 (MK-936) ao Trichogramma demoraesi Nagaraja, 1983 (Hym. , Trichogrammatidae), em condições de laboratório

This study was carried out under laboratory conditions to determine some parameters related to the selectivity of avermectin-B1 (MK-936) to Trichogramma demoraesi, parasite of eggs of several especies of agricultural pests. This compound at 1.8% EC formulation and rates of 0.1; 0.2; 0.4 and 0.8 ml/l have not affected the pre-imaginal development of the parasite before its emergence from the parasited eggs. The same situation have occured when high rates of the insecticides such as 8.0 ml/l was applied. No significant mortality was observed when the adult parasites oviposited in insecticide previously treated eggs of Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller, 1879) (Lep., Pyralidae). Contact action of avermectin-B1 applied inside the rearing vials was not evident due to the difficulty to discriminate the effects of the insecticide from the action of acetone, which was used as solvent. This chemical, even applied alone, caused significant mortality of insects and it could be associated to the 0.001% non-volatile residues presented in the product Therefore, more detailed studies are necessary to confirm this theory. Malathion 50 EC at 1,5 ml/l was highly toxic to T. demoraesi in all tests. It was concluded that avermectin-B1 shows selectivity to this parasite and could be recommended in integrated pest management programs at places where natural or introduced populations of this specie occur.Foi conduzido um estudo, em condições de laboratório, para se determinar alguns parâmetros relativos à seletividade de avermectin-B1 (MK-936) ao Trichogramma demoraesi Nagajara, 1983 (Hym., Trichogrammatidae), parasito de ovos de diversas espécies de pragas agrícolas. Observou-se que o produto na formulação 1,8% CE, nas dosagens de 0,1; 0,2; 0,4 e 0,8 ml/l não afetava o desenvolvimento pré-marginal do parasito, quando este ainda se encontrava no interior dos ovos parasitados. O mesmo fato foi observado quando se utilizaram dosagens extremamente elevadas, da ordem de 8,0 ml/l. Não ocorreu, também, mortalidade significativa de adultos do parasito que ovipositaram em ovos de Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller, 1879) (Lep., Pyralidade) previamente tratados com o inseticida. A ação de contacto de avermectin-B1, quando aplicada nas paredes internas dos frascos de criação, não ficou evidenciada, pela dificuldade de se discriminar seus efeitos dos da acetona usada como solvente e que, mesmo aplica da sozinha, acarretou uma mortalidade significativa de adultos. Este fato pode estar associado aos 0,001% de resíduos não voláteis do solvente em questão, embora se tornem necessários estudos mais detalhados para se verificar esta hipótese. Malathion na dosagem de 1,5 ml/l apresentou-se extremamente tóxico para T. demoraesi em todos os estudos realizados. Concluiu-se que avermectin-B1 apresenta características de seletividade para esta espécie, com potencialidade de utilização em programas de controle integrado de pragas, em locais onde sobrevivam populações nativas ou introduzidas deste parasito

Density perturbations in an Universe dominated by the Chaplygin gas

We study the fate of density perturbations in an Universe dominate by the Chaplygin gas, which exhibit negative pressure. We show that it is possible to obtain the value for the density contrast observed in large scale structure of the Universe by fixing a free parameter in the equation of state of this gas. The negative character of pressure must be significant only very recently.Comment: Latex file, 5 page