Teor de açúcar da água residuária do processamento do café.

A fermentação dos açúcares contidos na mucilagem da água residuária do café (ARC) possibilita obter álcool. Para se obter bom rendimento de álcool é necessário ajustar o teor de açúcar da ARC para 16° Brix. O trabalho teve como objetivo quantificar os teores de açúcar da ARC, após sucessivas reciclagens no processo de desmucilamento. Colocou-se água de torneira em amostras de café cereja descascado, das variedades Bourbon Vermelho e Bourbon Amarelo, e a mucilagem foi extraída, girando-se um bastão de vidro, por 3 minutos. Foram feitas até seis extrações, em seqüência, reciclando-se a ARC obtida. Os teores de açúcar da ARC aumentaram linearmente com o aumento do número de extrações realizadas. O teor de açúcar da ARC elevou-se de 3,1 para 9,3° Brix, após cinco extrações, e de 2,6 para 10,3° Brix, após seis extrações da mucilagem do cereja descascado, das variedades Bourbon Vermelho e Bourbon Amarelo, respectivamente

Population expansion in the North African Late Pleistocene signalled by mitochondrial DNA haplogroup U6

Background <br/> The archaeology of North Africa remains enigmatic, with questions of population continuity versus discontinuity taking centre-stage. Debates have focused on population transitions between the bearers of the Middle Palaeolithic Aterian industry and the later Upper Palaeolithic populations of the Maghreb, as well as between the late Pleistocene and Holocene. <br/> Results Improved resolution of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup U6 phylogeny, by the screening of 39 new complete sequences, has enabled us to infer a signal of moderate population expansion using Bayesian coalescent methods. To ascertain the time for this expansion, we applied both a mutation rate accounting for purifying selection and one with an internal calibration based on four approximate archaeological dates: the settlement of the Canary Islands, the settlement of Sardinia and its internal population re-expansion, and the split between haplogroups U5 and U6 around the time of the first modern human settlement of the Near East. <br/> Conclusions <br/> A Bayesian skyline plot placed the main expansion in the time frame of the Late Pleistocene, around 20 ka, and spatial smoothing techniques suggested that the most probable geographic region for this demographic event was to the west of North Africa. A comparison with U6's European sister clade, U5, revealed a stronger population expansion at around this time in Europe. Also in contrast with U5, a weak signal of a recent population expansion in the last 5,000 years was observed in North Africa, pointing to a moderate impact of the late Neolithic on the local population size of the southern Mediterranean coast

Multivariate analyses of genotype x environment interaction of popcorn.

The objectives of this work were to evaluate the genotype x environment (GxE) interaction for popcorn and to compare two multivariate analyses methods. Nine popcorn cultivars were sown on four dates one month apart during each of the agricultural years 1998/1999 and 1999/2000. The experiments were carried out using randomized block designs, with four replicates. The cv. Zélia contributed the least to the GxE interaction. The cv. Viçosa performed similarly to cv. Rosa-claro. Optimization of GxE was obtained for cv. CMS 42 for a favorable mega-environment, and for cv. CMS 43 for an unfavorable environment. Multivariate analysis supported the results from the method of Eberhart & Russell. The graphic analysis of the Additive Main effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) model was simple, allowing conclusions to be made about stability, genotypic performance, genetic divergence between cultivars, and the environments that optimize cultivar performance. The graphic analysis of the Genotype main effects and Genotype x Environment interaction (GGE) method added to AMMI information on environmental stratification, defining mega-environments and the cultivars that optimized performance in those mega-environments. Both methods are adequate to explain the genotype x environment interactions. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar a interação genótipo x ambiente (GxA) em milho-pipoca e comparar dois métodos de análise multivariada (AMMI e GGE). Os tratamentos foram nove cultivares de milho-pipoca, plantadas em quatro épocas de semeadura em cada ano de cultivo em 1998/1999 e 1999/2000. O delineamento foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. A cultivar Zélia foi a que menos contribuiu para a interação GxA. As cultivares Viçosa e Rosa-claro mostraram desempenhos similares. A otimização da interação GxA foi obtida com a cv. CMS 42 para mega-ambientes favoráveis e com a cv. CMS 43 para ambientes desfavoráveis. Os resultados das análises multivariadas corroboraram os resultados do método de Eberhart & Russell. A análise gráfica do método Additive Main effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) é simples e permite tirar conclusões sobre estabilidade, desempenho genotípico, divergência genética das cultivares, e sobre os ambientes que otimizam o desempenho das cultivares. A análise gráfica do método Genotype main effects and Genotype x Environment interaction (GGE) acrescentou informações de estratificação ambiental ao AMMI e definiu mega-ambientes e as cultivares que tiveram suas performances otimizadas nesses ambientes. Ambos os métodos são adequados para explicar a interação genótipo x ambiente

Efeito da água residuária do café em plantas de milho.

O processamento do café por via úmida gera água residuária (ARC), contendo material orgânico, com potencial de poluir o meio aquático. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o efeito da aplicação da ARC sobre o crescimento e teores de minerais em plantas de milho, na fase vegetativa. Foram estudados oito tratamentos: 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300 e 350 mL de ARC por planta, aplicada sobre as folhas, em 3 ocasiões. A aplicação da ARC não provocou injúrias visíveis nas plantas de milho e nem alterou o peso da matéria seca das plantas. O teor de K aumentou e o teor de Mg diminuiu linearmente com o aumento das doses de ARC aplicadas, enquanto os teores de Ca e Na nas folhas de milho não foram afetados

Microwave-assisted generation and reactivity of aza- and diazafulvenium methides: heterocycles via pericyclic reactions

Azafulvenium methides and diazafulvenium methides have been generated under microwave irradiation from 2,2-dioxo-1H,3H-pyrrolo[1,2-c]thiazoles and 2,2-dioxo-1H,3H-pyrazolo[1,5-c]thiazoles, respectively. Pericyclic reactions of these 1,7-dipole intermediates, namely, sigmatropic [1,8]H shifts, 1,7-electrocyclization or [8[pi]+2[pi]] cycloaddition led to the synthesis of a range of pyrrole and pyrazole derivatives. The first evidence for the azafulvenium methides by intermolecular trapping via [8[pi]+2[pi]] cycloaddition is reported.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6THS-4SP3SM3-6/1/d6303d9db78919cfe9cd796c1a17d44

Developmental Toxicity of Endocrine Disrupters Bisphenol A and Vinclozolin in a Terrestrial Isopod

Studies of the effects of endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) on invertebrates are still largely underrepresented. This work aims to fill this gap by assessing the effects of bisphenol A (BPA) and vinclozolin (Vz) on the terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber (common rough woodlouse). Male adult and sexually undifferentiated juvenile woodlice were exposed to the toxicants. Effects on molting regime and growth were investigated independently for males and female woodlice after sexual differentiation. Both chemicals elicited developmental toxicity to P. scaber by causing overall decreased growth. Nevertheless, BPA induced molting, whereas Vz delayed it. Although the LC50 values for juvenile and adult survival were fairly similar, juvenile woodlice showed an increased chronic sensitivity to both chemicals, and female woodlice were most the sensitive to BPA. We recommend the use of adults, juveniles, female, and male woodlice, as well as a large range of toxicant concentrations, to provide valuable information regarding differential dose responses, effects, and threshold values for EDCs

Calagem e adubação para pastagens na região do cerrado.

Calagem e adubação para o estabelecimento. Exigência de fertilidade do solo das principais gramíneas e leguminosas forrageiras. Calagem. Adubação. Calagem e Adubação para manutenção. Considerados finais.bitstream/item/72180/1/cirtec-37.pdf2. ed. rev.CNPGC

Morphogenesis of Marandu Brachiaria Under Different Nitrogen Rates in the Brazilian Savannah

Nitrogen fertilization contributes to grass growth and, for this reason, the objective was to evaluate the morphogenic characteristics of Urochloa brizantha cultivar Marandu subjected to different nitrogen rates (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg N.ha-1) in the Brazilian savannah through the variables number of leaves.tiller-1, leaf growth, leaf average size, senescent leaf.tiller-1 number and stem+pseudostem average size. The experiment was established in the Forage and Pastures Sector of Jatai Federal University (UFJ) and, after the soil correction and fertilization, the Marandu grass plots were installed in a randomized blocks experimental design, with four treatments and four replications. When the forage canopy reached the cutting height (30 cm) it was homogenized with pruning shears and four tillers per plot were identified with colored tape and a locating stake. Morphogenesis data was collected every two days, measuring the leaves size and stem+pseudostem size, and leaves were classifying according to their physiological state. Marandu cultivar showed increasing response in leaves number and in leaf growth in nitrogen doses from 50 to 100 kg N.ha-1. The number of senescent leaf.tiller-1 decrease when nitrogen fertilization increase from 0 to 100 kg N.ha-1. Marandu showed a morphogenic response to nitrogen fertilization and up to 100 kg N.ha-1 can be used